Radio Astronomical Tools for the Study of Solar Energetic Particles I. Correlations and Diagnostics of Impulsive Acceleration and Particle Propagation

Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are sporadically ejected from the Sun during flares and coronal mass ejections. They are of major astrophysical interest, because the proximity of the Sun allows for detailed multi-messenger studies. They affect space weather due to interactions with electronics, with the Earth’s atmosphere, and with humans if they leave the protective shield of the magnetosphere of the Earth. Since early studies in the 1950s, starting with particle detectors on the ground, SEP events have been related to radio bursts. Two subjects are addressed in this chapter: attempts to establish quantitative correlations between SEPs and microwave bursts produced by gyro synchrotron radiation of mildly relativistic electrons, and the information derived from type III radio bursts on impulsive processes of particle acceleration and the coronal and interplanetary propagation. Type III radio bursts produced by electron beams on open magnetic field lines have a wide range of applications, including the identification of acceleration regions, the identification of confined particle acceleration with coronal signatures, but no SEPs, and the paths that the electrons, and energetic charged particles in general, take to travel from the low corona to the Heliosphere in case they escape. Simple scenarios of coronal particle acceleration are confirmed in relatively simple and short events. But the comparison with particle transport models shows that longer and delayed acceleration episodes exist especially in large SEP events. They will be discussed in a companion chapter.

Measuring impulsivity in daily life: A systematic review and recommendations for future research

Impulsivity is a multi-dimensional construct that has shown utility in relation to important occupational, functional, and clinical outcomes (e.g. substance use, social functioning, aggression) in cross-sectional studies. However, trait and cross-sectional assessments of impulsivity have shown less utility in prospectively predicting specific instances of these outcomes. The recent proliferation of mobile technology has allowed for investigation into psychological phenomena in participants’ daily lives, clarifying many momentary and prospective relationships. Studying impulsivity using daily life methods offers promise in understanding impulsive processes and proximal influences on behavior. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify studies assessing impulsivity in daily life to characterize the conceptualization, measurement, and validity of momentary impulsivity. The studies reviewed highlight the reliability and validity of the construct of momentary impulsivity and identify areas for improvement in measurement and statistical practices. We make suggestions for future research based on the evidence presented.

Self-Control as Value-Based Choice

Self-control is often conceived as a battle between “hot” impulsive processes and “cold” deliberative ones. Heeding the angel on one shoulder leads to success; following the demon on the other leads to failure. Self-control feels like a duality. What if that sensation is misleading, and despite how they feel, self-control decisions are just like any other choice? We argue that self-control is a form of value-based choice wherein options are assigned a subjective value and a decision is made through a dynamic integration process. We articulate how a value-based choice model of self-control can capture its phenomenology and account for relevant behavioral and neuroscientific data. This conceptualization of self-control links divergent scientific approaches, allows for more robust and precise hypothesis testing, and suggests novel pathways to improve self-control.