scholarly journals Motivated by default - How nudges facilitate people to act in line with their motivation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurens van Gestel ◽  
Marieke Adriaanse ◽  
Denise De Ridder
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Autonomous Motivation ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Choice Architecture ◽  
Controlled Motivation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Desirable Behavior

Nudges are defined as small adjustments in the choice architecture that help people perform desirable behavior. How nudges interact with individuals’ motivation has not been studied empirically. We conducted three studies with different types of defaults in three different behavioral domains and investigated how defaults and different types of motivation affect choice outcomes. In Study 1, we investigated the effectiveness of a default to stimulate healthy eating choices implemented in a hypothetical online supermarket setting. In Study 2, we used a scenario in which participants could choose from a list of green amenities (either preselected or not). In Study 3, we asked participants if they wanted to participate in a basic or longer version of our questionnaire, with the longer version option set as the default in the nudge condition. Across three studies we show that defaults are effective in promoting desirable behavior, and that goal strivings and autonomous motivation have additional positive main effects. We did not find evidence that controlled motivation did affect behavioral outcomes. Exploratory analyses revealed that amotivation negatively affected behavior, but the measure had poor reliability. No significant interaction effects were observed. Together, these studies imply that both defaults and motivation have main effects on behavior, such that the default sets the anchor from which people can adjust according to the type and strength of their motivation. Implications for the practice and ethics of nudging are discussed.

scholarly journals People’s Motivation to Participate in Social Network Sites, Subsequent Behaviours, and Situation Self-Awareness following a Crisis: Evidence from the MH370 Flight Incident

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuequn Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Sites ◽  
Autonomous Motivation ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Controlled Motivation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Motivation To Participate ◽  
Practical Implications

As people increasingly integrate social network sites (SNSs) into their daily lives, they also turn to these sites for timely information following crises. To date, few studies have examined the effects of different types of motivation on participatory behaviours within SNSs following crises. In this study, self-determination theory (SDT) is applied to examine how individuals are motivated to participate in SNSs following a crisis and how individuals’ participatory behaviours can better assist them understand a crisis. The Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370) incident is selected as the context for this study, and data is collected following the incident. The results show that different types of motivation result in different participatory behaviours. Controlled motivation is positively related to browsing content, commenting and sharing content. Conversely, autonomous motivation is positively associated with browsing and sharing content. Besides, browsing content and commenting are positively related to people’s situational self-awareness. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed.

Phonetic Symbolism in Four Voiceless Fricatives

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-299
Author(s):  
Lawrence D. Shriberg
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
Phonetic Symbolism ◽  
Main Effects

48 Ss rated four voiceless fricatives, f, s, sb, and th on 12 bipolar scales of a semantic differential. Analysis of variance revealed significant main effects and significant interaction effects for Sound × Dimension ( p < .001) and Sound × Scale ( p < .001). The greater sensitivity of the presumed kinesthetic scales for some sounds suggests that both the scale and the articulatory characteristics of a sound may determine whether ratings reflect primarily denotative or connotative semantic systems.

The Effects of External Bracing on Joint Position Sense Awareness for the Chronically Unstable Ankle

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather D. Hartsell
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

Context:The effect of externally bracing chronically unstable ankles on joint position sense awareness has had limited study yet is clinically relevant.Objective:To determine active joint position sense awareness, effects of bracing, and differences between flexible and semirigid braces.Design:Between-ankle-group (chronic and healthy), repeated-measures, including brace condition for the joint position of 15° inversion from subtalar neutral.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:24 subjects with healthy and 12 with chronically unstable ankles.Main Outcome Measures:Blindfolded subjects attempted to find a passively placedjoint position under conditions of unbraced, flexible, and semirigid braced. A 3-way repeated-measures ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test for significant interaction effects were conducted.Results:Significant main effects were observed for ankle status, brace, and gender, but no significant interaction effects.Conclusion:Chronically unstable ankles have greater error in joint position sense awareness. However, this deficit might be reduced by using an external semirigid brace.

Behavioral Regulation Assessment in Exercise: Exploring an Autonomous and Controlled Motivation Index

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1520-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Cid ◽  
João Moutão ◽  
José Leitão ◽  
José Alves
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Autonomous Motivation ◽  
Behavioral Regulation ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Controlled Motivation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Intrinsic Regulation ◽  
Reliability Coefficients ◽  
Autonomous And Controlled Motivation

The main purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2) and to test the hypothesis that the different types of behavioral regulation can be combined on a single factor to assess autonomous and controlled motivation. Data were collected from 550 members of private fitness centres who ranged in age from 14 to 69 years. The analysis supported an 18-item, 5-factor model after excluding one item (S-Bχ2 = 221.7, df = 125, p = .000, S-Bχ2/df = 1.77; SRMR = .06; NNFI = .90; CFI = .92; RMSEA = .04, 90% CI = .03-.05). However, the analysis also revealed a lack of internal consistency. The results of a hierarchical model based on 2 second-order factors that reflected controlled motivation (external and introjected regulation) and autonomous motivation (identified and intrinsic regulation) provided an acceptable fit to the data (S-Bχ2 = 172.6, df = 74, p = .000, SB-χ2/df = 2.33; SRMR = .07; NNFI = .90; CFI = .92; RMSEA= .05, 90% CI = .04-.06), with reliability coefficients of .75 for controlled motivation and .76 for autonomous motivation. The study findings indicated that when item 17 was excluded, the Portuguese BREQ-2 was an appropriate measure of the controlled and autonomous motivation in exercise.

Effects of Presentation Mode on the Comprehension-Monitoring Behaviors of LD Adolescents

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan E. Bowman ◽  
Beth Davey
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Presentation Mode ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Comprehension Monitoring ◽  
On Line ◽  
Line Measure ◽  
Reading Measures ◽  
Main Effects

This study assessed the effects of presentation mode on the comprehension-monitoring behaviors of LD adolescents. Thirty LD students (grades 9–12) were presented comprehension-monitoring tasks under two presentation-mode conditions: verbalization and listening. Four expository passages about animals were utilized which contained two types of embedded errors (within-sentence and between-sentence). As an on-line measure of monitoring, subjects were asked to identify embedded passage inconsistencies that interfered with meaning. As post-reading measures, two statement identification tasks were used to assess the subjects' awareness of passage information and statement plausibility. While multivariate analyses revealed no significant main effects for the verbalization condition, significant effects were found for the listening condition with the embedded error tasks. In addition, significant interaction effects for detection of embedded errors and judgments of statement plausibility suggested that the multimodal presentations acted to depress scores. Implications are drawn for future research and ucational practice.

scholarly journals EMOTION REGULATION IN ADOLESCENTS WITH ANOREXIA AND BULIMIA NERVOSA: DIFFERENTIAL USE OF ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE STRATEGIES COMPARED TO HEALTHY ADOLESCENTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Perthes ◽  
Inken Kirschbaum-Lesch ◽  
Tanja Legenbauer ◽  
Martin Holtmann ◽  
Florian Hammerle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

Objective: Adolescents with anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) often exhibit emotion regulation difficulties. Most studies assessed these difficulties across different emotions and did not differentiate between adaptive and maladaptive strategies. Hence, we investigate whether adolescents with AN or BN differ from healthy adolescents (HC) in (mal-)adaptive emotion regulation regarding anger, anxiety and sadness. Methods: 118 adolescents with AN, 32 with BN and 47 HC self-reported emotion regulation strategies for anxiety, anger and sadness. Mixed models for adaptive and maladaptive strategies with factors emotion and group were calculated. Results: Significant main effects of emotion (p ≤ .001) and group (p ≤ .001) emerged, but no significant interaction effects of emotion × group (p ≥ .09). Post-hoc comparisons revealed more adaptive and less maladaptive strategies for anxiety compared to anger and sadness (p ≤ .002). Furthermore, adolescents with AN and BN reported less adaptive (p ≤ .001) and more maladaptive strategies than HC (p ≤ .001), with BN applying most maladaptive strategies (p = .009). Discussion: Differentiating between AN and BN with regards to adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies may be warranted. Future studies might investigate whether adolescents with AN and BN differ in their emotion regulation regarding other emotions.

Selection of a Model for a Two-Factor Analysis of Variance

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1319-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila S. Cain
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Variance Model ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Fixed Model ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Selection Of

There are three models for a two-factor analysis of variance, Model I (effects fixed), Model II (effects random) and Model III (mixed). In Model I main effects and interaction effects may always be estimated, but the results of the analysis may not be generalized to any effects other than those represented in the study. If there is a significant interaction in Model II, neither main effects nor interaction effects may be meaningfully estimated, but the results of the analysis may be generalized to the populations of which the main effects are random samples. Empirical evidence suggests application of Model I procedures to Model II data can produce results comparable to those obtained by “proper” usage of Model I methods.

Competition Policy and Price Fixing

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Kaplow
Keyword(s):  
Competition Policy ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Direct Approach ◽  
Social Harm ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Oligopoly Theory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Error Costs ◽  
Benefits And Costs ◽  
Desirable Behavior

Throughout the world, the rule against price fixing is competition law's most important and least controversial prohibition. Yet there is far less consensus than meets the eye on what constitutes price fixing, and prevalent understandings conflict with the teachings of oligopoly theory that supposedly underlie modern competition policy. This book offers a fresh, in-depth exploration of competition law's horizontal agreement requirement, presents a systematic analysis of how best to address the problem of coordinated oligopolistic price elevation, and compares the resulting direct approach to the orthodox prohibition. The book elaborates the relevant benefits and costs of potential solutions, investigates how coordinated price elevation is best detected in light of the error costs associated with different types of proof, and examines appropriate sanctions. Existing literature devotes remarkably little attention to these key subjects and instead concerns itself with limiting penalties to certain sorts of interfirm communications. Challenging conventional wisdom, the book shows how this circumscribed view is less well grounded in the statutes, principles, and precedents of competition law than is a more direct, functional proscription. More important, by comparison to the communications-based prohibition, the book explains how the direct approach targets situations that involve both greater social harm and less risk of chilling desirable behavior—and is also easier to apply.

Posttraumatic Growth and Bereavement

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Lumb ◽  
Myriam Beaudry ◽  
Celine Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Growth ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Cognitive Appraisals ◽  
Autonomous Motivation ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Controlled Motivation ◽  
Task Oriented

No research drawing from Self-Determination Theory has investigated the bereavement experience of individuals or how motivation can help facilitate posttraumatic growth (PTG) following the death of a loved one. In two cross-sectional studies, university students completed an online survey. Study 1 investigated the contribution of global autonomous and controlled motivation in statistically predicting PTG above and beyond previously researched correlates. Study 2 explored the mediating role of cognitive appraisals and coping in explaining the relationship between global motivation orientations and PTG. Results indicated that in comparison to controlled motivation, autonomous motivation was positively related PTG, even after controlling for previously researched correlates. Mediation results indicated an indirect effect of global autonomous motivation on PTG through task-oriented coping. Collectively, these findings suggest the importance of incorporating motivation into models of PTG. Clinical implications of these findings are also discussed.

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