scholarly journals Is professional regulation a highway to social immobility at top? Social closure and gendered outcomes in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Ruggera ◽  
Jani Erola
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Occupational Group ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Social Closure ◽  
Nested Models ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Levels Of Service

This article examines how processes of social closure promote persistence at the top ofthe occupational hierarchy and how it varies by gender. We focus on the link betweenprofessional closure strategies and intergenerational immobility in professionalemployment in Italy. Since Italian professions display the highest levels of service marketregulation across Europe and are the largest occupational group within the upper class,analyzing the link between professional closure and social inequality is crucial. ISTAT´ssurvey on Italian graduates (SPL, 2011), the Origin-Destination association isinvestigated at big-, meso- and micro-level with log-linear nested models. This sampleoffers in analyzing social mobility at the beginning of professionals’ careers and providein-depth explanations of micro-level dynamics of social reproduction. The analysesindicate that children of regulated professionals have a higher propensity to follow intheir parents’ footsteps (micro-classes). Self-employment functions as an independentdimension, which strongly increases intergenerational immobility at top similarly forprofessionals and larger entrepreneurs (meso- and micro-classes). Finally, itdemonstrates that the combination of specific parental resources strongly facilitatesprofessionals’ children to avoid social demotion (big-classes).

scholarly journals Licensed professions: a new look at the association between social origins and educational attainments in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Ruggera
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Social Closure ◽  
Professional Regulation ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Micro Level

AbstractIt has long been known that Italy is characterized by the highest levels of professional regulation in Europe, but little attention has been given to the link between professional regulation and educational stratification. This article investigates the association between social origins and education by focusing on fields of study within tertiary education and by disaggregating the upper class of social origin into different micro-classes of professionals. Thus, since these professions are regulated in the first place by educational fields of study, it assesses how processes of social closure enhance occupational intergenerational immobility in the professional employment in Italy. Recently, deregulation of liberal professions in Italy has been central in many public and political debates. It contributes to these debates by examining the micro-level dynamics in the professionals’ social reproduction and related practises of social exclusion, which may have strong implications for policy interventions. By using ISTAT’s “Sbocchi Professionali dei Laureati” survey (2011), and employing multinomial logistic regressions, it shows how social selection into highly regulated fields of study is guided by parents’ professional domain. The analyses indicate that both sons and daughters of licensed professionals are more inclined to graduate in a field of study that is in line with the father’s profession and that this propensity is stronger among children of regulated self-employed professionals.

scholarly journals By Slow Degrees: Two Centuries of Social Reproduction and Mobility in Britain

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Lambert ◽  
Kenneth Prandy ◽  
Wendy Bottero
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Parental Background ◽  
Long Term Trends

This paper discusses long term trends in patterns of intergenerational social mobility in Britain. We argue that there is convincing empirical evidence of a small but steady linear trend towards increasing social mobility throughout the period 1800-2004. Our conclusions are based upon the construction and analysis of an extended micro-social dataset, which combines records from an historical genealogical study, with responses from 31 sample surveys conducted over the period 1963-2004. There has been much previous study of trends in social mobility, and little consensus on their nature. We argue that this dissension partly results from the very slow pace of change in mobility rates, which makes the time-frame of any comparison crucial, and raises important methodological questions about how long-term change in mobility is best measured. We highlight three methodological difficulties which arise when trying to draw conclusions over mobility trends - concerning the extent of controls for life course effects; the quality of data resources; and the measurement of stratification positions. After constructing a longitudinal dataset which attempts to confront these difficulties, our analyses provide robust evidence which challenges hitherto more popular, politicised claims of declining or unchanging mobility. By contrast, our findings suggest that Britain has moved, and continues to move, steadily towards increasing equality in the relationship between occupational attainment and parental background.

On the Sidelines: Sex and Racial Segregation in Television Sports Broadcasting

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Thomas Coventry
Keyword(s):  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Linear Analysis ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Social Closure ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
Competition Level ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Sports Broadcasting ◽  
The Relationship

This study explores sex and racial segregation within television sports broadcasting. It uses logit log-linear analysis to examine the relationship between job classifications within sports broadcasting and such explanatory variables as sex and race. The results show that women are concentrated in competition-level reporting and reporting but are underrepresented as studio analysts and play-by-play announcers. People of color are most likely to be found doing competition-level reporting, followed by studio analysis. They are least likely to work as play-by-play announcers. In addition, people of color are virtually limited to broadcasting baseball, basketball, and football. Although Whites also cover these three sports, they occupy practically all of the jobs covering other sports. The findings regarding sex and race support the social closure perspective that argues that women and people of color would be concentrated in lower positions within an occupation.

scholarly journals Living in precarity: Ethnography of everyday struggles of single mothers in Lithuania

Sociologija ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-83
Author(s):  
Laura Lapinske
Keyword(s):  
Single Mothers ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Life Strategies ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Everyday Living

This paper presents challenges and life strategies of highly educated single mothers in Lithuania. My ethnography traces the impact on strategies of remaining in a country where exit strategies - alcoholism, suicide, emigration - prevail and seem as an ?easier? option. It is a study concerned with the relationship between precarity, single motherhood, social reproduction and everyday living. I focus on precarious living conditions, social isolation and stigmatization, unappreciated and highly gendered care-work. Based on collaborative ethnographic fieldwork material, the paper presents the micro-level attempts to negotiate what it means to be a lone care-taker, to revalorize and challenge the hegemonic narratives of individual strength and success.

Protestantism and the Latin American Middle Class

1971 ◽  
Vol os-18 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Charles F. Denton
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Upward Social Mobility ◽  
The Church ◽  
Positive Force

The author feels that the development of a middle class in Latin America has been fostered by the effects of Protestant evangelism among the lower classes, which has spurred upward social mobility. But instead of becoming a positive force for social and economic reform, this middle class has become as reactionary as the small traditional upper class. This, together with the inability of most Protestant pastors to minister effectively to middle class persons and intellectuals, is a serious problem for the church in Latin America.

Accountants and the professional project

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Robert Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Social Closure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Prevailing Paradigm ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Professional Project

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to offer a critique of the sociological model of professionalisation known as the “professional project” put forward by Magali Larson, which has become the prevailing paradigm for accounting historians. Design/methodology/approach The paper challenges the use of the concepts of monopoly, social closure, collective social mobility and the quest for status as applied to the history of accountancy. The arguments are made on both empirical and theoretical grounds. Findings The use of the concept of monopoly is not justified in the case of accounting societies or firms. The only monopoly the accountants required was the exclusive right to the titles, for example, CA in Britain and CPA in the USA. They were right to argue that the credentials were merely to distinguish themselves in the market place from untrained accountants. The validity of the concept of social closure via artificial barriers to entry is questioned and new evidence is provided that the elite accountants have always recruited heavily from classes lower in the social hierarchy than themselves. The concept of the collective social mobility project is found wanting on a priori and empirical grounds; accountants behaved no differently to other business classes and have probably not enhanced their social status since the formation of their societies. Originality/value The paper offers, in the case of accountancy, one of the few critiques of the accepted model of professionalisation. It demonstrates the weak explanatory power of the sociological paradigms used by accounting historians.

A Particular Condition in Life: Self-Employment and Social Mobility in Mid-Victorian Brantford, Ontario

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Douglas McCalla ◽  
David G. Burley ◽  
Gordon Darroch ◽  
Lee Soltow
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Self Employment

You Can’t Shoot Everyone

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Corsino
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Market Opportunity ◽  
Social Closure ◽  
Select Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Willingness To Use

This chapter turns more directly toward organized crime. It identifies the Chicago Heights boys and the mix of social capital processes, specifically the social closure and brokerage opportunities, that allowed this segment of the Chicago Outfit a near half century run as a highly profitable, successful criminal operation. Illegal activities associated with organized crime provided an avenue for social mobility. While these illegal operations existed from the beginning of Chicago Heights' incorporation as a city in the early 1900s, the 1920s saw a dramatic increase in the size and scope of these operations as Prohibition created a tremendous black market opportunity for illegal liquor. Exhibiting a strong entrepreneurial sense and a willingness to use violence to accomplish their goals, a select group of Italian residents in Chicago Heights allied themselves with Al Capone to gain control of the illegal liquor, gambling, and prostitution trades in the Heights.

scholarly journals The Use of Marriage Data to Measure the Social Order in Nineteenth-Century Britain

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Prandy ◽  
W. Bottero
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
The Social ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Very High ◽  
Underlying Dimension

This article describes the construction of a measure of the social order in the nineteenth century, which will subsequently be used as a basis for studying processes of social reproduction (or social mobility). The technique of correspondence analysis is used to map the ordering of groups of occupations in two time periods 1777-1866 and 1867-1913. The data are derived from the occupations at marriage of the groom, his father and his father-in-law (the occupations of brides, unfortunately, being very much under-recorded). Marriage, it is argued, is a socially significant act linking, on average, families that occupy similar positions in the social order and analyses of the patterns of social interaction involved provide a means of determining the nature of the social space within which similarity is defined. The three occupations provide three pair-wise comparisons and each comparison gives a mapping of the row occupations and the column occupations six in all. Since any one of these should provide a measure of the social order, assuming there to be any consistency in such a concept, we would expect that, at both time periods, the result of the analyses would be six closely-related estimates of the same underlying dimension. This is what is found; the inter-correlations are very high. Furthermore, there is a very strong relationship between the measures of the social order constructed for the two time periods. The analyses are presented within a framework that emphasises the value of the procedures used for understanding the nature of measurement in social science.

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