scholarly journals Skill structure and labor market integration of immigrants in Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Westerman ◽  
Ryszard Szulkin ◽  
Michael Tåhlin
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Integration Of Immigrants ◽  
Skill Supply ◽  
Labor Market Attainment

Across European countries, immigrants are disadvantaged in labor market attainment relative to natives: foreign-born individuals are less likely to be employed and more likely to be unemployed. Previous research indicates that immigrants’ employment chances are better when the share of low-skill jobs in the labor market is large. Upgrading of the job structure, which has taken place in many countries over recent decades, might therefore have hurt immigrants’ employment prospects. However, an exclusive focus on skill demand neglects another important development in the skill structure of advanced economies: educational expansion. The rapid rise in skill supply has tended to outpace the decline in the low-skill job share with increasing over-education as a consequence, potentially leading to crowding-out of immigrant workers from employment. Based on data from the European Union Labour Force Surveys (EU-LFS) 2004-2016, we perform analyses that jointly consider the demand and supply sides of labor markets. Our results indicate that the size of the low-skill job sector is positively related to immigrants’ employment if and only if those employed in the low-skill sector have low qualifications. In economies with high rates of over-education, where many well-educated natives occupy low-skill jobs, the labor market prospects of immigrants deteriorate.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Labor Market Integration Policies in EU Member States Using PROMETHEE

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Anastasia Blouchoutzi ◽  
Panagiota Digkolou ◽  
Jason Papathanasiou ◽  
Christos Nikas
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Labor Market Integration ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Integration Policies ◽  
Integration Of Immigrants

From an economic point of view, the rational response towards migration is the labor market integration of immigrants. Within the above framework, several actions have been developed by the European Union member states over the last few years, in an effort to integrate migrants to local communities. This paper evaluates the performance of the European Member States as regards to their labor market integration policies using the Zaragoza indicators for employment. Combining those indicators, the data will be processed with the well-known multi-criteria analysis method PROMETHEE. The model will be constituted by the selected years from 2008 to 2017 as 10 successive scenarios, the 28 EU countries as alternatives, and eight criteria. The paper will end up with ten final rankings of the countries, which will be analyzed in detail.

scholarly journals Different Patterns of Labor Market Integration by Migration Motivation in Europe: The Role of Host Country Human Capital

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter Zwysen
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Labor Market Integration

We study whether the acquisition of host country human capital, such as obtaining equivalent qualifications, good language skills, or naturalization, explains differences in labor market integration between migrants depending on their initial motivation. We use cross-national European data from the 2008 ad hoc module of the Labour Force Survey to analyze migrant gaps in labor market participation, employment, occupational status, and precarious employment. We find that different rates of and returns to host country human capital explain a substantial part of the improvements in labor market outcomes with years of residence, particularly for noneconomic migrants who experience faster growth on average.

scholarly journals Youth Labor Market Integration in European Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3813
Author(s):  
Ruggero Cefalo ◽  
Rosario Scandurra ◽  
Yuri Kazepov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Labor Market Participation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Labor Market Integration ◽  
Youth Labor Market ◽  
Wide Range

Countries’ institutional configurations and structural characteristics play an important role in shaping transitions from school to work. Recent empirical evidence shows significant regional and territorial differences in youth unemployment and labor market participation. Along this research strand, we argue in favor of a place-sensitive approach to youth labor market integration in order to address the regional disparities of young people’s opportunities. In order to investigate the synergic effect of different contextual configurations, we construct a composite measure, namely, the youth labor market integration (YLMI) index. This considers a wide range of indicators of the access, exclusion, and duration of the transition into employment at the regional level. The YLMI index allows cross-regional and longitudinal comparisons of the European Union (EU) local labor markets and youth employment opportunities.

scholarly journals On the Measurement of Positive Labor Market Mobility

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402093448
Author(s):  
Maria Symeonaki ◽  
Glykeria Stamatopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Transition Probability Matrix ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Assessment Index ◽  
Mobility Index ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Market Index

The present article proposes a new labor market index, called the positive labor market mobility index, which focuses on quantifying the amount of “desired” labor market mobility present in the transitions of young individuals, providing a useful way of comparing countries on that matter. Well-established indices in the literature aiming at measuring mobility take into account all movements among states and/or the diagonal elements of the transition probability matrix that denote immobility. On the contrary, the index proposed in this study uses only “favorable” or “desired” movements among labor market states, providing a more relevant to labor mobility assessment index, where the interest lies in quantifying positive transitions, from education or training to employment, for example. The positive mobility index is estimated for individuals in Europe, whose age was 15 to 29 during the years of the financial crisis, from 2008 to 2015. Annually raw micro-data from the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) for these 8 years are used for this purpose. Moreover, the values of the proposed labor market mobility index are correlated with an early job insecurity indicator, estimated for the same age group. The results reveal the significant differences among European countries, when “desired” transitions of young individuals are taken into account. Moreover, the analysis performed indicates that the proposed index could be a good predictor for the degree of early job insecurity for young individuals in EU member states.

scholarly journals Skills demand and suply in the European Union

Osvitolohiya ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 176-180
Author(s):  
Natalia Mospan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Current State ◽  
Engineering And Technology ◽  
Scientific Engineering

The author of the article presents an analysis of the current situation of demand and supply of specialists in the European Union. The basis for the analysis is the reports of the European Commission, which widely cover this issue. It is worth noting that different EU countries feel the problems of supply and demand in different ways. Their conformity is observed only in Germany, where the number of students graduate each year and enter the labor market in search of work coincides with the requirements of employers in terms of the number of specialists. Other EU countries are in demand for specialists in the scientific, engineering and technology sectors and a quantitative shortage of teachers and doctors. The study is devoted to the questions related to factors that affect the matching between the demand and supply of teachers and doctors. Among such factors is the increase in population, health and education costs. The number of school children is the dominant factor in the demand for teachers. Another factor is educational programs that determine the demand for subject teachers. The policies and priorities of the curriculum have a dominant influence in determining the different types of teachers as well. The demand for physicians depends on the health system. The offer of doctors may differ due to differences in the industry, in particular, the accessibility of education and training for doctors, as well as the conditions of medical service. The results of this study can contribute to a deeper understanding of the current state of the regulating process of higher education interaction with the labor market in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Labour Market Integration of New Immigrants in the UK

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommaso Frattini
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Labour Market Integration ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
New Immigrants ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
The Uk

This article analyses the labour market integration of newly arrived immigrants in the UK labour market, based on data from the UK Labour Force Survey. We focus on immigrants who arrived in the United Kingdom since 2000 and distinguish different cohorts based on the year of their arrival in the country. We examine the extent to which these new arrivals were able to enter work and move up into skilled jobs, and analyse the sectors of the economy that have proved most amenable to this progression. The analysis indicates that these new arrivals fared relatively well in the workforce. In part as a result of their relative youth and high education levels, many new arrivals (especially those from the European Union and in particular the EU10 countries) moved straight into work.

scholarly journals SELF-EMPLOYMENT OF FOREIGNERS AS AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION ON THE LABOR MARKET IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
Valentinas Navickas ◽  
Eva Grmanová ◽  
Waldemar Gajda
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Innovative Solution ◽  
The Eu

The main aim of this article is to identify certain specificity in self-employment of foreigners in EU countries and to find out whether the differences in self-employment of foreigners between countries are diminishing. Within the main objective, we have set two sub-objectives. The first sub-objective is to compare EU countries on the basis of the following indicators: 1/ number of self-employed foreigners and 2/ share of self-employed foreigners in employed persons from foreign countries. The second sub-objective is to determine whether EU countries converge in the number of the share of self-employed foreigners in the number of employed persons from foreign countries. We have confirmed that the countries have a tendency to convergence in regard to the share of self-employed foreigners in employed persons from foreign countries. We assume that this tendency can also be due to the pressure of the labour market that shows a lack of labour force. The share of self-employed migrants is relatively high in Eastern Europe. On the other hand, their increase is below average compared to the EU.

scholarly journals Taking Time Seriously: Biographical Circumstance and Immigrant Labor Integration Experience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Gubrium ◽  
Mariann Stærkebye Leirvik
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Immigrant Labor ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Integration Of Immigrants ◽  
Personal Histories ◽  
Personalized Approach

AbstractThe article offers a re-conceptualization of the labor integration process which takes temporality into account as a relevant feature that, rather than following patterned frames of reference, is actively referenced through narratively and socially constructed formations of understanding. The European policy strategy regarding immigrants has shifted in the past decades from a focus on social integration to a predominant focus on labor market integration, due in part to the relatively high unemployment rates of immigrants entering and migrating within Europe. A personalized approach used throughout Europe to “empower” and move immigrants into the labor market has not been realized in practice. Norway, a “best case scenario” for a more personalized approach through comprehensive labor integration and activation measures, has also had limited success with the sustained labor integration of immigrants. We suggest that a source of the problem lies in the conceptualization of labor integration, which, in contrast to true personalization, follows a patterned notion of the process. We argue that such a conceptualization does not provide the means to explore and untangle potentially significant processes and mechanisms relevant to the labor integration experience. We introduce the concept of biographical circumstance to demonstrate how immigrant participants in a Norwegian labor activation program draw on different references from their personal histories as they make meaning of their labor integration—and how meaning-making is dialectically shaped and delimited by the structural effects of changing policy opportunities, rules, and regulations. We conducted 14 qualitative interviews with immigrants involved in the Norwegian Qualification Program, a national labor activation program. We select four participants to present as illustrative cases of biographical circumstance and meaning making. The four differently make meaning of and respond to their labor integration experiences through active reference to specific personal histories and changing policy encounters over time. The data demonstrate that accounting for biographical circumstance enables us to better understand the actions, rationalizations, and motivations of immigrants participating in labor integration and activation measures.

scholarly journals Employment and Education–Occupation Mismatches of Immigrants and their Children in the Netherlands: Comparisons with the Native Majority Group

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-141
Author(s):  
Yassine Khoudja
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
The Public ◽  
Integration Of Immigrants ◽  
Employment Probabilities ◽  
Using Data

This study examines the labor market integration of immigrants and their children in the Netherlands focusing on employment and over- and underqualification. Using data from the first wave of the Netherlands Longitudinal Life-Course Study (NELLS), the analysis shows disadvantages in employment probabilities for men and women from different foreign origin groups compared to the Dutch majority even after accounting for differences in human capital. Ethnic differences in employment probabilities are lower, but still visible, when comparing only respondents who obtained post-secondary education in the Netherlands. Further, first-generation immigrant men from Turkey and Morocco are at higher risk of being overeducated than Dutch majority men whereas this is not the case for second generation men and first- and secondgeneration minority women. Substantial ethnic difference in the likelihood of being undereducated are not prevalent. Having a foreign compared to a Dutch degree is related to lower labor market outcomes, but this negative relation is more pronounced for women than for men. Finally, there is some indication that overeducation is somewhat less common in the public sector than in the private sector, but minorities do not benefit more from this than the Dutch majority.

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