scholarly journals Prospects of fish supply-demand and its implications for food and nutrition security in Egypt

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nhuong Tran ◽  
Long Chu ◽  
Chin Yee Chan ◽  
Jeffrey Peart ◽  
Ahmed M. Nasr-Allah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Input Use ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Intensive Aquaculture

Aquaculture plays an increasingly important role in meeting the rising global demand for fish fuelled by economic and demographic growth. However, in many middle income countries, the growth of aquaculture is constrained by rising labor costs, limited input supply, environmental concerns, and infectious diseases. In this paper, we developed a multi species, multi sector equilibrium model and applied it to the fishery sector of Egypt, a leading aquaculture producer in Africa, to examine these barriers. Projection results show that rising wage rates would slow down the growth of labour-intensive aquaculture compared to those that use relatively less labour. The demand for feed, seed inputs and water use for aquaculture would substantially increase. The results also show that disease outbreaks would possibly affect production sectors via output reduction and also consumers via increases in fish price. Our findings suggest that stabilising the prices of feed and seed, investments in disease control and input use efficiency improvement technologies, including water use, are important while the overall effectiveness of tax instruments is modest. Though calibrated to Egypt, our approach can be applied to other middle size national aquaculture industries.

Agricultural diversification and food security in low- and middle-income countries: Where is the evidence?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Waha ◽  
Francesco Accatino ◽  
Cecile Godde ◽  
Cyrille Rigolot ◽  
Jessica Bogard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Agricultural Diversification ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Food Utilisation ◽  
Farm Scale

<p>Diversity and diversification in agricultural systems are often presented in the literature as having multiple benefits such as enhancing resilience, increasing food production and decreasing risks in production systems and is often postulated to benefit food and nutrition security in low- and middle-income countries. Our study aims to provide an overview of the potential for agricultural diversification to improve food security status as reported in recently published research articles analysing the diversity-food security relationship. We consider results for different scales, from individual to global and for different food security dimensions: availability, access, stability and utilisation.</p><p>We carried out a literature review that includes exhaustive, comprehensive searching. We search for peer-reviewed publications in the Web of Science core collection (v.5.32) written in English, between 2010 and February 2020 on the association between diversity in agricultural systems and at least one dimension or measure of food security. From the original list of articles we exclude all publications that (1) focus on a study area outside a low- to middle income country; (2) do not include at least one metric of farm-, regional-, or global-level diversity as specified with the search terms; (3) do not explicitly measure at least one food security dimension, or (4) were exclusively focussed on describing drivers and trends in diversity or food security.</p><p>We find that a total number of 87 research articles assessed a total of 328 diversity-food security relationships using one or more statistical modelling approach. About half of them are positive (54%) and mostly refer to the diversity-food access relationship on the individual, household and farm scale as this was the food security dimension and spatial scale most analysed. Of all results for food access 60% were positive relationships and only 4% were negative relationships with the remainder having no or ambiguous relationships. Twenty-nine studies used household dietary diversity as a measure of food access and 10 studies used at least one food access indicator that is a validated proxy for nutrient adequacy. Positive relationships were more often reported for food availability (65%) than for food utilisation (33%) also because for food utilisation there are a lot of mixed findings for different measures of anthropometric and nutritional status. The most common spatial scale assessed was the household and farm scale (58%).</p><p>There is no food security dimension that primarily has a negative relationship with agricultural diversity but there is a considerable number of relationships that are found to be neutral or ambiguous. Diversity can be an important driver of food security, but the magnitude of the contribution depends on the  socio-economic and biophysical characteristics of the local farming system. We conclude that farmers mostly see diversification as a potential strategy to improve livelihoods, agricultural production and/or food and nutrition security where other strategies are more expensive but not as a desirable characteristic of the agricultural systems at all costs especially in the presence of other strategies that can achieve the same outcome.</p>

scholarly journals Food Systems After Covid-19

IDS Bulletin ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayako Ebata ◽  
Nicholas Nisbett ◽  
Stuart Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Food Supply Chain ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Local Innovation Systems

Measures to slow down the spread of Covid-19 have had profound effects on the food and nutrition security of poor and marginalised households and communities. This article provides an overview of the effects of Covid-19 on food systems across low- and middle-income countries using resilience and political economy lenses, before proposing approaches to build back resilient and equitable food systems. First, future interventions need to target structural issues that limit people’s agency in accessing nutritious and diverse food and production capital. Second, local innovation systems and institutions require investment to create a market environment that benefits domestic (small and medium) enterprises and agri‑food supply chain workers without jeopardising the environment. Third, interventions need to be informed by a diverse set of opinions that include the voices of the most marginalised.

Does Population Longevity Attract Foreign Direct Investments in Developing Countries?

2020 ◽  
pp. 097215092091536
Author(s):  
Ayona Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Current Context

In a seminal paper, Alsan et al. (2006 , World Development, vol. 34, pp. 613–630) investigate the effect of population health on gross foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to the developing countries. The purpose of this article is to extend their work by exploring the causal effect of population longevity on attracting FDI flows to the middle-income countries over a longer and more recent period, while addressing endogeneity concerns through a novel instrumental variable (IV). The IV is constructed on the hypothesis of cross-country health convergence and generates plausibly exogenous variations in measures of longevity. Our IV estimates suggest that 1-year increase in a measure of longevity is likely to increase annual FDI inflows by at least 3 per cent in the sample of countries considered. Specifically, significant returns appear to emerge from increases in the longevity of the female population. In the current context of resurgence of FDI as a critical source of financial capital to the developing countries and the prevalence of frequent disease outbreaks, these results suggest that good health is not an end but a means to enable countries better integrate with the global markets.

scholarly journals Depression among women of reproductive age in rural Bangladesh is linked to food security, diets and nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thalia M Sparling ◽  
Jillian L Waid ◽  
Amanda S Wendt ◽  
Sabine Gabrysch
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Dominance Analysis ◽  
Food And Nutrition Security ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Food And Nutrition

AbstractObjective:To quantify the relationship between screening positive for depression and several indicators of the food and nutrition environment in Bangladesh.Design:We used cross-sectional data from the Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM) trial in Bangladesh to examine the association of depression in non-peripartum (NPW) and peripartum women (PW) with food and nutrition security using multivariable logistic regression and dominance analysis.Setting:Rural north-eastern Bangladesh.Participants:Women of reproductive age.Results:Of 2599 women, 40 % were pregnant or up to 1 year postpartum, while 60 % were not peripartum. Overall, 20 % of women screened positive for major depression. In the dominance analysis, indicators of food and nutrition security were among the strongest explanatory factors of depression. Food insecurity (HFIAS) and poor household food consumption (FCS) were associated with more than double the odds of depression (HFIAS: NPW OR = 2·74 and PW OR = 3·22; FCS: NPW OR = 2·38 and PW OR = 2·44). Low dietary diversity (<5 food groups) was associated with approximately double the odds of depression in NPW (OR = 1·80) and PW (OR = 1·99). Consumption of dairy, eggs, fish, vitamin A-rich and vitamin C-rich foods was associated with reduced odds of depression. Anaemia was not associated with depression. Low BMI (<18·5 kg/m2) was also associated with depression (NPW: OR = 1·40).Conclusions:Depression among women in Bangladesh was associated with many aspects of food and nutrition security, also after controlling for socio-economic factors. Further investigation into the direction of causality and interventions to improve diets and reduce depression among women in low- and middle-income countries are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Essential healthcare services provided to conflict-affected internallydisplaced populations in low and middle-income countries: A systematicreview

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Winifred Ekezie ◽  
Enemona Emmanuel Adaji ◽  
Rachael L Murray
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Background: Conflict and violent crises have resulted in over 40 million of internally displaced persons (IDPs). Most affected regions lack access to basic health resources and generally rely on humanitarian support. The objective of this review was to appraise primary health service interventions among conflict-induced internally displaced populations in low and middle income countries between 2000 and 2019. Methods: A systematic review of literature in the following databases: Embase, MEDLINE, PsyArticles, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, LILAC and CAB Articles, was performed to identify interventions implemented in conflict IDP settings. Results: Initial searches yielded 4578 papers and 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. Descriptivesynthesis analysis was used, and the final selections were assessed using a customized CriticalAppraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist. Included papers were from Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and the Middle East regions. Most studies were on prevention interventions, especially water treatment and maternal health. Treatment interventions mostly focused on onmalaria and mental health. Only one food and nutrition study with outcome data was identified, indicating limitations in IDP health-related intervention publications. Reported interventions were conducted between one week to five years, and the study qualities were moderate. The most effective interventions were integrated programmes and common challenges were weakstudy methodology and data reporting. Conclusion: Regardless of the intervention types and durations, the services offered were beneficial to the IDPs. More intervention evidence are, however required as shown in gaps around food and nutrition, health education and disease surveillance.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Gap in PCR Monitoring Availability for Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in 60 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Rowley ◽  
Patricia Garcia-Gonzalez ◽  
Jerald P Radich ◽  
Irina Usherenko ◽  
Joseph B Babigumira
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Resource Needs ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Purpose: To estimate the resource gap in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) monitoring for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We developed a model of demand and supply of PCR monitoring of CML patients in 60 LMICs. PCR testing was assumed to use Cepheid’s GeneXpert® IV system. We included costs of GeneXpert® instruments, uninterrupted power supplies, warranties, calibration kits, test cartridges, and shipping. We calculated the country-specific monetary gap in PCR monitoring, stratified by country priority defined as the availability of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) through The Max Foundation initiatives. Results: The five-year gap in PCR monitoring was $29.1 million across all countries, 22% ($6.4 million) in countries with all five TKIs available, 20% ($5.7 million) in countries with four TKIs available, 50% ($14.5 million) in countries with three TKIs available, 8% ($2.2 million) in countries with two TKIs available, and 1% ($0.3 million) in countries with one TKI available. The gap was highest in South Asia (52%; $15.1 million) and lowest in Latin America (6%; $1.9 million). Excluding labor costs, the bulk of the resource needs (86%; $25.2 million) were for procurement of BCR-ABL cartridges. Conclusion: Removing the five-year gap in PCR monitoring capacity for CML in LMICs will require the mobilization of significant resources and will likely lead to better treatment outcomes and reduced treatment costs through optimization of treatment, discontinuation of therapy in appropriate patients, and facilitation of clinical research. Development of streamlined monitoring guidelines for resource-limited countries should be considered.

scholarly journals Small-scale commercial chicken production: A risky business for farmers in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Truong Dinh Bao ◽  
Nguyen Van Cuong ◽  
Hoang Doan Phu ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thuy Dung ◽  
Bach Tuan Kiet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Native Chicken ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Commercial Chicken

ABSTRACTSmall-scale farming of meat chicken flocks using local native breeds contributes to the economy of many rural livelihoods in Vietnam and many other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These systems are also the target of high levels of antimicrobial use (AMU); however little is known about the profitability and sustainability of such systems. Since small scale farms are commercial enterprises, this knowledge is essential in order to develop successful strategies aimed at curbing excessive AMU. Using longitudinal data from 203 randomly selected small-scale (100-2,000 chickens) native chicken flocks raised in 102 farms in Dong Thap province (Mekong Delta, Vietnam), we investigated the financial and economic parameters of such systems and the main constraints to their sustainability. Feed accounted for the largest financial cost (flock median 49.5% [Inter-quartile range (IQR) 41.5-61.8%]) of total costs, followed by day-old-chicks (DOCs) (median 30.3% [IQR 23.2-38.4%]), non-antimicrobial health-supporting products (median 7.1% [IQR 4.7-10.5%]), vaccines (median 3.1% [IQR 2.2-4.8%]), equipment (median 1.9% [IQR 0.0-4.9%]) and antimicrobials (median 1.9% [IQR 0.7-3.6%]). Excluding labor costs, farmers achieved a positive return on investment (ROI) from 120 (59.1%) flocks, the remainder generated a loss (median ROI 124% [IQR 36-206%]). Higher ROI was associated with higher flock size and low mortality. There was no statistical association between use of medicated feed and flock mortality or chicken bodyweight. The median daily income per person dedicated to raising chickens was 202,100 VND, lower than alternative rural labour activities in the Mekong Delta. In a large proportion of farms (33.4%), farmers decided to stop raising chickens after completing one cycle. Farmers who dropped off chicken production purchased more expensive feed (in 1,000 VND per kg) (11.1 [10.6-11.5] vs. 10.8 [10.4-11.3] for farms that continued production (p=0.039) and experienced higher chicken mortality (28.5% [12.0-79.0%] vs. 16 [7.5-33.0%] (p=0.004). The turnover of farmers raising chickens in such systems represents a challenge in targeting messages on appropriate AMU and on chicken health. In order to ensure sustainability of small-scale commercial systems, advisory services need to be available as farmer initiate new flocks, and support them in the early stages to help overcome their limited experience and skills. This targeted approach would support profitability whilst reducing risk of emergence of AMR and other disease problems from these systems.

scholarly journals Is Bangladesh Moving toward Herd Immunity? Current COVID-19 Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. S63-S66
Author(s):  
Md Jamal Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Resource Limitations ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The People ◽  
Previous Infection

Globally, a spectrum of infectious disease outbreaks like SARS in 2013, Ebola in 2014, MERS in 2015, and currently COVID-19, have affected us in the early phase of this century and coerced the people across the world to search the adamant control measures to avert the pandemic by any means. Unfortunately, high economic costs and resource-limitations, especially in low-and middle-income countries, restrict the adoption of the epidemic control measures in most cases. Since late December of 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been creating a breakneck public health concern worldwide. Currently, there is no effective drug to tackle the COVID-19 infection or vaccine yet to be approved. An old-age concept, herd immunity might be a prospective option in this uncertain situation to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. A minimum fraction of people need to be immunized through vaccination or previous infection to attain the herd immunity base that may build an obstacle to free the community from the disease. The insusceptible or indirectly immunized people can act as an invisible shield to impede the epidemic's dispersion anymore. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, October 2020;7(suppl_2):S63-S66

scholarly journals Biosecurity policy and legislation of the seaweed aquaculture industry in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 4411-4422
Author(s):  
Sadock B. Rusekwa ◽  
Iona Campbell ◽  
Flower E. Msuya ◽  
Amelia S. Buriyo ◽  
Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook
Keyword(s):  
Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Seaweed Farming ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Farming Industry ◽  
Finfish Aquaculture ◽  
Seaweed Industry

AbstractPest and disease outbreaks have significant impacts on the livelihoods of seaweed farmers each year, particularly in low- to middle-income countries around the world. Commercial seaweed farming of the red carrageenophytes, Eucheuma denticulatum, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatus, in Tanzania was established in 1989. The impacts of pests and diseases on the local seaweed industry had serious implications for the environment, society, local culture and human health. The industry was initially characterised by growth, but since 2002 has been severely limited due to pest and disease outbreaks, exacerbated by the effects of climate change. This paper identifies existing biosecurity frameworks in Tanzanian legislation and policies in order to assess their content regarding the management of pests and diseases in the seaweed industry. A total of thirteen frameworks were identified and analysed for their general biosecurity scope and inclusion of specific risks. Of the thirteen, only four were legally binding, and only four were identified to be applicable to the seaweed industry. National frameworks were predominantly designed to support finfish aquaculture; therefore, national authorities lack the expertise, experience and scientific basis on biosecurity issues in seaweed industry compared with other aquatic commercial commodities to identify and mitigate the risks from pest and disease outbreaks in the seaweed farming industry. Recommendations are provided to assist regulators in establishing biosecurity policies, which either explicitly include or are specifically designed, to support the Tanzanian seaweed industry. This analysis reveals where biosecurity capacity can be developed to support a sustainable and economically productive national seaweed farming industry.

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