scholarly journals Tramadol effects on physical performance and sustained attention during a 20-min indoor cycling time-trial: A randomised controlled trial

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darias Manuel Holgado Nuñez ◽  
Thomas Zandonai ◽  
Mikel Zabala ◽  
James Hopker ◽  
Pandelis Perakakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Oddball Task ◽  
Cycling Time

Objectives: To investigate the effect of tramadol on performance during a 20-min cycling time-trial (Experiment 1), and to test whether sustained attention would be impaired during cycling after tramadol intake (Experiment 2).Design: randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial.Methods: In Experiment 1, participants completed a cycling time-trial, 120-min after they ingested either tramadol or placebo. In Experiment 2, participants performed a visual Oddball task during the time-trial. Electroencephalography measures (EEG) were recorded throughout the session.Results: In Experiment 1, average time-trial power output was higher in the tramadol vs. placebo condition (tramadol: 220 watts vs. placebo: 209 watts; p < 0.01). In Experiment 2, no differences between conditions were observed in the average power output (tramadol: 234 watts vs. placebo: 230 watts; p > 0.05). No behavioural differences were found between conditions in the Oddball task. Crucially, the time frequency analysis in Experiment 2 revealed an overall lower target-locked power in the beta-band (p < 0.01), and higher alpha suppression (p < 0.01) in the tramadol vs. placebo condition. At baseline, EEG power spectrum was higher under tramadol than under placebo in Experiment 1 while the reverse was true for Experiment 2.Conclusions: Tramadol improved cycling power output in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2, which may be due to the simultaneous performance of a cognitive task. Interestingly enough, the EEG data in Experiment 2 pointed to an impact of tramadol on stimulus processing related to sustained attention.Trial registration: EudraCT number: 2015-005056-96.

The Influence of Blood Removal on Pacing During a 4-Minute Cycling Time Trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1085-1092
Author(s):  
Nathan G. Lawler ◽  
Chris R. Abbiss ◽  
Aaron Raman ◽  
Timothy J. Fairchild ◽  
Garth L. Maker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Energy Contribution ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Baseline Testing ◽  
Average Power Output ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Cycling Time

Purpose:To examine the influence of manipulating aerobic contribution after whole-blood removal on pacing patterns, performance, and energy contribution during self-paced middle-distance cycling.Methods:Seven male cyclists (33 ± 8 y) completed an incremental cycling test followed 20 min later by a 4-min self-paced cycling time trial (4MMP) on 6 separate occasions over 42 d. The initial 2 sessions acted as familiarization and baseline testing, after which 470 mL of blood was removed, with the remaining sessions performed 24 h, 7 d, 21 d, and 42 d after blood removal. During all 4MMP trials, power output, oxygen uptake, and aerobic and anaerobic contribution to power were determined.Results:4MMP average power output significantly decreased by 7% ± 6%, 6% ± 8%, and 4% ± 6% at 24 h, 7 d, and 21 d after blood removal, respectively. Compared with baseline, aerobic contribution during the 4MMP was significantly reduced by 5% ± 4%, 4% ± 5%, and 4% ± 10% at 24 h, 7 d, and 21 d, respectively. The rate of decline in power output on commencement of the 4MMP was significantly attenuated and was 76% ± 20%, 72% ± 24%, and 75% ± 35% lower than baseline at 24 h, 21 d, and 42 d, respectively.Conclusion:Removal of 470 mL of blood reduces aerobic energy contribution, alters pacing patterns, and decreases performance during self-paced cycling. These findings indicate the importance of aerobic energy distribution during self-paced middle-distance events.

scholarly journals Effect of Warm-Up and Precooling on Pacing During a 15-km Cycling Time Trial in the Heat

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Levels ◽  
Lennart P.J. Teunissen ◽  
Arnold de Haan ◽  
Jos J. de Koning ◽  
Bernadet van Os ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Scalp Cooling ◽  
Ice Slurry ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time

Purpose:The best way to apply precooling for endurance exercise in the heat is still unclear. The authors analyzed the effect of different preparation regimens on pacing during a 15-km cycling time trial in the heat.Methods:Ten male subjects completed four 15-km time trials (30°C), preceded by different preparation regimes: 10 min cycling (WARM-UP), 30 min scalp cooling of which 10 min was cycling (SC+WARM-UP), ice-slurry ingestion (ICE), and ice slurry ingestion + 30 min scalp cooling (SC+ICE).Results:No differences were observed in finish time and mean power output, although power output was lower for WARM-UP than for SC+ICE during km 13–14 (17 ± 16 and 19 ± 14 W, respectively) and for ICE during km 13 (16 ± 16 W). Rectal temperature at the start of the time trial was lower for both ICE conditions (~36.7°C) than both WARMUP conditions (~37.1°C) and remained lower during the first part of the trial. Skin temperature and thermal sensation were lower at the start for SC+ICE.Conclusions:The preparation regimen providing the lowest body-heat content and sensation of coolness at the start (SC+ICE) was most beneficial for pacing during the latter stages of the time trial, although overall performance did not differ.

scholarly journals Influence of Environmental Temperature on 40 km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah J. Peiffer ◽  
Chris R. Abbiss
Keyword(s):  
Core Temperature ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of environmental temperature on variability in power output, self-selected pacing strategies, and performance during a prolonged cycling time trial. Nine trained male cyclists randomly completed four 40 km cycling time trials in an environmental chamber at 17°C, 22°C, 27°C, and 32°C (40% RH). During the time trials, heart rate, core body temperature, and power output were recorded. The variability in power output was assessed with the use of exposure variation analysis. Mean 40 km power output was significantly lower during 32°C (309 ± 35 W) compared with 17°C (329 ± 31 W), 22°C (324 ± 34 W), and 27°C (322 ± 32 W). In addition, greater variability in power production was observed at 32°C compared with 17°C, as evidenced by a lower (P = .03) standard deviation of the exposure variation matrix (2.9 ± 0.5 vs 3.5 ± 0.4 units, respectively). Core temperature was greater (P < .05) at 32°C compared with 17°C and 22°C from 30 to 40 km, and the rate of rise in core temperature throughout the 40 km time trial was greater (P < .05) at 32°C (0.06 ± 0.04°C·km–1) compared with 17°C (0.05 ± 0.05°C·km–1). This study showed that time-trial performance is reduced under hot environmental conditions, and is associated with a shift in the composition of power output. These finding provide insight into the control of pacing strategies during exercise in the heat.

Power Output Demands of Womenʼs Road Cycling Time Trial

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S235 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Martin ◽  
Hamilton Lee ◽  
Cassie Trewin ◽  
James Victor ◽  
Warren McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Cycling Time

scholarly journals The Influence of Elliptical Chainrings on 10 km Cycling Time Trial Performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah J. Peiffer ◽  
Chris R. Abbiss
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Mean Power Output ◽  
Cycling Time

The use of elliptical chainrings (also called chainwheels or sprockets) has gained considerable interest in the amateur and professional cycling community. Nevertheless, we are unaware of any scientific studies that have examined the performance benefits of using elliptical chainrings during an actual performance trial. Therefore, this study examined the influence of elliptical chainring use on physiological and performance parameters during a 10 km cycling time trial. Nine male cyclists completed, in a counterbalanced order, three 10 km cycling time trials using either a standard chainring or an elliptical chainring at two distinct settings. An attempt was made to blind the cyclists to the type of chainring used until the completion of the study. During the 10 km time trial, power output and heart rate were recorded at a frequency of 1 Hz and RPE was measured at 3, 6, and 8.5 km. Total power output was not different (P = .40) between the circular (340 ± 30 W) or either elliptical chainring condition (342 ± 29 W and 341 ± 31 W). Similarly, no differences (P = .73) in 2 km mean power output were observed between conditions. Further, no differences in RPE were observed between conditions measured at 3, 6, and 8.5 km. Heart rate was significantly greater (P = .02) using the less aggressive elliptical setting (174 ± 10 bpm) compared with the circular setting (171 ± 9 bpm). Elliptical chainrings do not appear to provide a performance benefit over traditional circular chainrings during a mid-distance time trial.

scholarly journals Caffeine Ingestion Does Not Alter Performance during a 100-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus M. Hunter ◽  
Allan St ◽  
Clair Gibson ◽  
Malcolm Collins ◽  
Mike Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peripheral Fatigue ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Mean Power Frequency ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Time To Completion ◽  
Cycling Time

This study analyzed the effect of caffeine ingestion on performance during a repeated-measures, 100-km, laboratory cycling time trial that included bouts of 1- and 4-km high intensity epochs (HIE). Eight highly trained cyclists participated in 3 separate trials—placebo ingestion before exercise with a placebo carbohydrate solution and placebo tablets during exercise (Pl), or placebo ingestion before exercise with a 7% carbohydrate drink and placebo tablets during exercise (Cho), or caffeine tablet ingestion before and during exercise with 7% carbohydrate (Caf). Placebo (twice) or 6 mg · kg−1 caffeine was ingested 60 min prior to starting 1 of the 3 cycling trials, during which subjects ingested either additional placebos or a caffeine maintenance dose of 0.33 mg · kg−1 every 15 min to trial completion. The 100-km time trial consisted of five 1-km HIE after 10, 32, 52, 72, and 99 km, as well as four 4-km HIE after 20, 40, 60, and 80 km. Subjects were instructed to complete the time trial and all HIE as fast as possible. Plasma (caffeine) was significantly higher during Caf (0.43 ± 0.56 and 1.11 ± 1.78 mM pre vs. post Pl; and 47.32 ± 12.01 and 72.43 ± 29.08 mM pre vs. post Caf). Average power, HIE time to completion, and 100-km time to completion were not different between trials. Mean heart rates during both the 1-km HIE (184.0 ± 9.8 Caf; 177.0 ± 5.8 Pl; 177.4 ± 8.9 Cho) and 4-km HIE (181.7 ± 5.7 Caf; 174.3 ± 7.2 Pl; 175.6 ± 7.6 Cho; p < .05) was higher in Caf than in the other groups. No significant differences were found between groups for either EMG amplitude (IEMG) or mean power frequency spectrum (MPFS). IEMG activity and performance were not different between groups but were both higher in the 1-km HIE, indicating the absence of peripheral fatigue and the presence of a centrally-regulated pacing strategy that is not altered by caffeine ingestion. Caffeine may be without ergogenic benefit during endurance exercise in which the athlete begins exercise with a defined, predetermined goal measured as speed or distance.

scholarly journals The individual time trial as an optimal control problem

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny de Jong ◽  
Robbert Fokkink ◽  
Geert Jan Olsder ◽  
AL Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Optimal Control Problem ◽  
Control Problem ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Singular Control ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cycling Time

In a cycling time trial, the rider needs to distribute his power output optimally to minimize the time between start and finish. Mathematically, this is an optimal control problem. Even for a straight and flat course, its solution is non-trivial and involves a singular control, which corresponds to a power that is slightly above the aerobic level. The rider must start at full anaerobic power to reach an optimal speed and maintain that speed for the rest of the course. If the course is flat but not straight, then the speed at which the rider can round the bends becomes crucial.

POWER OUTPUT AS A MEANS OF PACING DURING CYCLING TIME TRIAL PERFORMANCE

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S274
Author(s):  
B Garcia ◽  
J Peiffer ◽  
J Talanian ◽  
I E. Faria ◽  
R Quintana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

scholarly journals The effects of block training on pacing during 20-km cycling time trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Pereira Costa ◽  
Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo ◽  
Carl David Paton
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Short Period ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Cycling Time

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of block training (BL) on pacing during a 20-km hilly cycling time trial (TT) in trained cyclists. Twenty male cyclists were separated into 2 groups: control and BL. The training of each cyclist was monitored during a period of 3 weeks. In the first week cyclists performed an overload period of 7 consecutive days of high-intensity interval training followed by 2 weeks of normal training. Cyclists performed 1 TT before intervention and 2 TT after 7 and 14 days at the end of training. Each training session consisted of 10 sets of 3 repeated maximal-effort sprints (15, 30, and 45 s) with an effort/recovery duration ratio of 1:5. The main finding of this study was that the power output displayed a significantly higher start from the start until the halfway point of the TT (p < 0.05). Additionally, power output was characterized by a significant higher end spurt in the final 2 km in the BL after 2 weeks at the end of training (p < 0.05). In addition, after 2 weeks at the end of the overload period the distribution of cadence was significantly lower throughout the TT (p < 0.01). Therefore, a short period of consecutive days of intense training enhances cycling performance and changes the power output in the beginning and final part of the TT in trained cyclists.

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