scholarly journals Varenicline for Smoking Cessation: a Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
G P Rauniar ◽  
A Mishra ◽  
D P Sarraf
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
First Line ◽  
The World ◽  
Quitting Smoking

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death and disability in the world. Although gradually declining in most developed countries, the prevalence of tobacco use has increased among developing countries. Nicotine is an addictive chemical that is inhaled from the tobacco present in the cigarettes. It acts on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors within the ventral tegmental area of the brain, causing dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens which reinforces nicotine-seeking behavior. Reward through the dopaminergic system is a common thread among many drugs of addiction. According to the National Anti-Tobacco Communication Campaign Strategy for Nepal smoking prevalence in Nepal is higher (38.4%) than the smoking prevalence in the world (29%). Smoking attributable annual deaths in Nepal is estimated at nearly 14,000 (9,000 male deaths and 5,000 female deaths) for population aged 35 and over. First-line pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation are varenicline, sustained-release bupropion and various forms of nicotine replacement therapy (i.e., patch, gum, lozenge, inhaler, nasal spray). These drugs can be used as monotherapy or combination therapy for the treatment of smoking cessation. After studying the outcome of many clinical trials and meta-analysis, it is concluded that cigarette smokers taking varenicline have the most success quitting smoking as compared with those taking other first-line pharmacotherapies for treating smoking cessation.  Health Renaissance 2014;12(3): 215-220

scholarly journals Network meta-analysis: a comparison of effectiveness and safety of partial agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors varenicline and cytisine for smoking cessation

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Elena V. Radchenko ◽  
Olga A. Sykhovskaya ◽  
Timofey L. Galankin ◽  
Aleksei S. Kolbin ◽  
Maria A. Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine ◽  
Partial Agonists ◽  
Safety Parameters ◽  
Comparison Of Effectiveness

Background. Partial agonists of α4b2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are the most effective treatment strategy for tobacco smoking cessation. They are able to alleviate withdrawal symptoms and to reduce smoking satisfaction. The aim of this study was to review the efficacy and safety of nicotinic receptor partial agonists varenicline and cytisine, for smoking cessation. Methods. A search for randomized controlled trials was done using the terms (“cytisine”, “tabex”, “varenicline” or 'partial agonists of nicotinic receptors’) in MEDLINE, EMBASE, eLibrary in May 2018. Types of participants, the doses and duration of the treatments, efficacy and safety parameters, quality of randomization and blinding procedures were evaluated. Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed. Results. Cytisine overcame placebo in the 12, 24 and 52 weeks of therapy with the following odds ratios (ORs) for abstinence: 3.3 (95% CrI 1.8–5.8), 3.9 (2.4–6.7), 3.8 (CrI 1.3–11,9) accordingly. Varenicline in 2 mg/day dose overcame placebo in the 12, 24 and 52 weeks of therapy with the ORs: 4.0 (3.3–4.7), 3.1 (2.5–3.7), 2.9 (2.2–4.1) accor dingly. Varenicline in 1 mg/day dose overcame placebo in 12 and 52 weeks of therapy, the ORs were 3.0 (2.0–4.7) and 2.3 (1.3–4.4) accordingly. Varenicline in 0.5 mg/day dose overcame placebo in 12 weeks of therapy only with the OR 2.4 (1.3–4.4). Cytisine and varenicline 2 mg/day were associated with more gastrointestinal disturbances than placebo with the ORs 6.2 (2.1–22.8) and 2.4 (2.0–2.8) accordingly. Cytisine and varenicline 2 mg/day were associated with more psychiatric problems than placebo with ORs 5.2 (1.9–15.1) and 1.6 (1.3–1.9) accordingly. There was no difference in serious adverse events between the investigated drugs and placebo: OR for cytisine was 2.4 (0.8–6.8), varenicline 0.5 mg/day – 2.0 (0.5–6.6), varenicline 1.0 mg/day – 1.0 (0.3–2.7), varenicline 2 mg/day – 1.0 (0.7–1.4). Conclusion. Cytisine was proved to be as effective and safe aid for smoking cessation as varenicline.

scholarly journals Update on pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-224
Author(s):  
Hye Sook Choi ◽  
Jae Yeol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
First Line ◽  
Effective Agent ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine ◽  
Increased Risk

Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death, and smoking cessation is the only way to reduce the risk of developing and dying from smoking-related diseases. The binding of nicotine to <i>α</i>4<i>β</i>2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the ventral tegmental area causes transmission of signals to nuclear accumbens, where neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, are released. Euphoric feelings and satisfaction acquired due to the released neurotransmitters make smokers reach for a cigarette once again after a short while, thereby completing a repeating cycle of addiction. Medications for smoking cessation, such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, and varenicline, are designed to cope with nicotine addiction. NRT provides nicotine to ameliorate withdrawal symptoms, and all forms of NRT are equally effective in smoking cessation than placebo. Bupropion, originally developed as an antidepressant, decreases craving, leading to smoking cessation, which makes it one of the first-line drugs for smoking cessation. Many studies have shown that varenicline is the most effective agent for smoking cessation. No significant long-term adverse events have been reported for NRT, bupropion, or varenicline. However, bupropion should not be used in patients with an increased risk for seizure.

scholarly journals Current and Emerging Pharmacotherapeutic Options for Smoking Cessation

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. SART.S8108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin V. Carson ◽  
Malcolm P. Brinn ◽  
Thomas A. Robertson ◽  
Rachada To-A-Nan ◽  
Adrian J. Esterman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Current Clinical Practice ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
First Line ◽  
Marginalized Groups

Tobacco smoking remains the single most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and poses a significant threat across developing countries where tobacco use prevalence is increasing. Nicotine dependence is a chronic disease often requiring multiple attempts to quit; repeated interventions with pharmacotherapeutic aids have become more popular as part of cessation therapies. First-line medications of known efficacy in the general population include varenicline tartrate, bupropion hydrochloride, nicotine replacement therapy products, or a combination thereof. However, less is known about the use of these products in marginalized groups such as the indigenous, those with mental illnesses, youth, and pregnant or breastfeeding women. Despite the efficacy and safety of these first line pharmacotherapies, many smokers continue to relapse and alternative pharmacotherapies and cessation options are required. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the existing and developing pharmacotherapeutic and other options for smoking cessation, to identify gaps in current clinical practice, and to provide recommendations for future evaluations and research.

scholarly journals Microbial Technologies Employed for Biodegradation of Neonicotinoids in the Agroecosystem

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajjad Ahmad ◽  
Dongming Cui ◽  
Guohua Zhong ◽  
Jie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Nervous Stimulation ◽  
The World ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
Immobilization Techniques ◽  
Biological Methods

Neonicotinoids are synthetic pesticides widely used for the control of various pests in agriculture throughout the world. They mainly attack the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, generate nervous stimulation, receptor clot, paralysis and finally cause death. They are low volatile, highly soluble and have a long half-life in soil and water. Due to their extensive use, the environmental residues have immensely increased in the last two decades and caused many hazardous effects on non-target organisms, including humans. Hence, for the protection of the environment and diversity of living organism’s the degradation of neonicotinoids has received widespread attention. Compared to the other methods, biological methods are considered cost-effective, eco-friendly and most efficient. In particular, the use of microbial species makes the degradation of xenobiotics more accessible fast and active due to their smaller size. Since this degradation also converts xenobiotics into less toxic substances, the various metabolic pathways for the microbial degradation of neonicotinoids have been systematically discussed. Additionally, different enzymes, genes, plasmids and proteins are also investigated here. At last, this review highlights the implementation of innovative tools, databases, multi-omics strategies and immobilization techniques of microbial cells to detect and degrade neonicotinoids in the environment.

Household Smoking Situations and Factors Associated with Smoking Cessation among Adult Men in Coastal Fishing Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Community Research ◽  
Fishing Communities ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Quitting Smoking

Objective: To investigate household smoking situations and factors associated with cessation, focusing on adult male smokers in low socioeconomic coastal fishing communities in southern Thailand. Materials and Methods: An epidemiological community cross-sectional approach was conducted in 371 adult male smokers aged between 20 and 60 years. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to gather the data. Demographic characteristics, household smoking, smoking history, smoking behaviors, and pulmonary symptom data were collected by the community research assistants. Statistical computing was performed with R studio, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The household smoking prevalence was 23.5%. Most smokers were categorized as having high pack-years, and the lowest age at first smoking was ten years old. Imitation and impetuous behaviors were the major leading causes of becoming a new smoker. The number of cigarettes smoked daily was the highest among individuals with more than 20 pack-years. Eighty-four-point-one percent of smokers desired to quit smoking for personal health reasons. Smokers in the 51 to 60 years age group were 49.62 times as likely as adolescents to cease smoking. Participants who first started smoking when they were older than 17 years of age had a 3.56-times higher chance of quitting smoking than those who started smoking when they were younger than 15 years of age (95% CI 1.51 to 8.37). Conclusion: The smoking situation in the coastal fishing communities of the southernmost provinces of Thailand is a worrisome problem. Smoking prevalence remains high, with prevalence increasing with age, and newer smokers starting at younger ages. A high proportion of smokers intended to cease smoking. Therefore, smoking cessation programs would be essential in the present study area. Keywords: Smoking situation, Cessation, Coastal fishing community, Southernmost Thailand

scholarly journals The α7nACh–NMDA receptor complex is involved in cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking

2012 ◽  
Vol 209 (12) ◽  
pp. 2141-2147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shupeng Li ◽  
ZhaoXia Li ◽  
Lin Pei ◽  
Anh D. Le ◽  
Fang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Formidable Challenge ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Nmda Receptor Complex

Smoking is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and premature death. Nicotine, the main psychoactive drug in tobacco, is one of the most heavily used addictive substances, and its continued use is driven through activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Despite harmful consequences, it is difficult to quit smoking because of its positive effects on mood and cognition that are strong reinforcers contributing to addiction. Furthermore, a formidable challenge for the treatment of nicotine addiction is the high vulnerability to relapse after abstinence. There is no currently available smoking cessation product able to achieve a &gt;20% smoking cessation rate after 52 wk, and there are no medications that directly target the relapse process. We report here that the α7nAChR forms a protein complex with the NMDA glutamate receptor (NMDAR) through a direct protein–protein interaction. Chronic nicotine exposure promotes α7nAChR–NMDAR complex formation. Interestingly, administration of an interfering peptide that disrupts the α7nAChR–NMDAR complex decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and blocked cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rat models of relapse, without affecting nicotine self-administration or locomotor activity. Our results may provide a novel therapeutic target for the development of medications for preventing nicotine relapse.

Quitting smoking: estimation by meta-analysis of the rate of unaided smoking cessation

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Baillie ◽  
Richard P. Mattick ◽  
Wayne Hall
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Quitting Smoking

Treatment Options in Smoking Cessation: What Place for Bupropion Sustained-Release?

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. CMT.S2044
Author(s):  
Danielle E McCarthy ◽  
Douglas E Jorenby ◽  
Haruka Minami ◽  
Vivian Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Quit Attempt ◽  
Stop Smoking ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Treatment Of Tobacco Dependence

Bupropion SR is approved for the treatment of tobacco dependence in adult smokers. Bupropion SR is an atypical antidepressant that has been shown to double the likelihood of quitting smoking (to roughly 19%-24% six months into a quit attempt), perhaps by acting on dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems and by acting as an antagonist of nicotine acetylcholine receptors. Head-to-head comparisons of bupropion SR and other stop-smoking treatments suggest that bupropion SR is as or more efficacious than nicotine replacement therapies, equally efficacious as nortriptyline, and less efficacious than varenicline. The evidence available regarding the effectiveness of bupropion SR in real-world settings suggests that abstinence rates are similar to those seen in controlled clinical trials. Bupropion SR appears to be safe and efficacious for both men and women and for people with comorbid medical or mental health conditions. Evidence collected to date supports the use of bupropion SR as a safe, tolerable pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation among adult smokers without a predisposition to seizures, but also suggests that benefits in terms of abstinence last only as long as treatment continues. This review focuses on recent evidence regarding bupropion SR effects and highlights important questions regarding the duration of effects, relative efficacy, effectiveness in clinical use, mechanisms of action, and utilization of bupropion SR that remain unanswered.

Global Health Warnings on Tobacco Packaging: Evidence from the Canadian Experiment

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Gospodinov ◽  
Ian J. Irvine
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Micro Data ◽  
World Health Assembly ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Packaging

Abstract New health warnings on tobacco packaging in Canada became mandatory in January 2001. As of that time producers were required to print large-font warning text and graphic images describing the health consequences of using tobacco. This study uses micro data from two waves of Health Canada's Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Surveys bordering the legislation to investigate if the introduction of the warnings had any significant impacts on smokers. The recently drafted Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, under the sponsorship of the World Health Assembly, assigns a central role for this type of message. Our findings indicate that the warnings have not had a discernible impact on smoking prevalence. The evidence of their impact on quantity smoked is positive, though only at a relatively low level of confidence.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document