Microbial Technologies Employed for Biodegradation of Neonicotinoids in the Agroecosystem

Neonicotinoids are synthetic pesticides widely used for the control of various pests in agriculture throughout the world. They mainly attack the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, generate nervous stimulation, receptor clot, paralysis and finally cause death. They are low volatile, highly soluble and have a long half-life in soil and water. Due to their extensive use, the environmental residues have immensely increased in the last two decades and caused many hazardous effects on non-target organisms, including humans. Hence, for the protection of the environment and diversity of living organism’s the degradation of neonicotinoids has received widespread attention. Compared to the other methods, biological methods are considered cost-effective, eco-friendly and most efficient. In particular, the use of microbial species makes the degradation of xenobiotics more accessible fast and active due to their smaller size. Since this degradation also converts xenobiotics into less toxic substances, the various metabolic pathways for the microbial degradation of neonicotinoids have been systematically discussed. Additionally, different enzymes, genes, plasmids and proteins are also investigated here. At last, this review highlights the implementation of innovative tools, databases, multi-omics strategies and immobilization techniques of microbial cells to detect and degrade neonicotinoids in the environment.

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Varenicline for Smoking Cessation: a Review

Health Renaissance ◽

10.3126/hren.v12i3.15324 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 215-220

Author(s):

G P Rauniar ◽

A Mishra ◽

D P Sarraf

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽

Acetylcholine Receptors ◽

Smoking Prevalence ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Developed Countries ◽

First Line ◽

The World ◽

Quitting Smoking

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death and disability in the world. Although gradually declining in most developed countries, the prevalence of tobacco use has increased among developing countries. Nicotine is an addictive chemical that is inhaled from the tobacco present in the cigarettes. It acts on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors within the ventral tegmental area of the brain, causing dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens which reinforces nicotine-seeking behavior. Reward through the dopaminergic system is a common thread among many drugs of addiction. According to the National Anti-Tobacco Communication Campaign Strategy for Nepal smoking prevalence in Nepal is higher (38.4%) than the smoking prevalence in the world (29%). Smoking attributable annual deaths in Nepal is estimated at nearly 14,000 (9,000 male deaths and 5,000 female deaths) for population aged 35 and over. First-line pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation are varenicline, sustained-release bupropion and various forms of nicotine replacement therapy (i.e., patch, gum, lozenge, inhaler, nasal spray). These drugs can be used as monotherapy or combination therapy for the treatment of smoking cessation. After studying the outcome of many clinical trials and meta-analysis, it is concluded that cigarette smokers taking varenicline have the most success quitting smoking as compared with those taking other first-line pharmacotherapies for treating smoking cessation. Health Renaissance 2014;12(3): 215-220

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Recent Advances in Material Synthesis

10.20850/9781716589263 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nirmalendu Das ◽

Alok Roy ◽

Bimal Bhushan Chakraborty ◽

Debasish Borah ◽

Anuradha Roy Choudhury

Keyword(s):

Cost Effective ◽

The Other ◽

High Yield ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Material Synthesis ◽

Environment Friendly ◽

Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽

Recent Advances ◽

The World ◽

Nano Science

The area of material synthesis is a rapidly developing field of research which enables scientists not only to discover the high yield, cost effective or environment friendly methods , but also providing them some new opportunities to work in the world of nano science. The green approaches in one hand are the alternative way to synthesize the material by minimizing the wastes as well as toxic substances, on the other hand the synthesis of nanoparticles has gained tremendous attention owing to their many fold applications in various fields. This book is designed to give the readers an outline of some of the very special topics from current prospective of different approaches for material synthesis.

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Acute poisoning with acetamiprid, a type of neonicotinoid insecticide causing severe lactic acidosis: A case report

SAGE Open Medical Case Reports ◽

10.1177/2050313x211059296 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 2050313X2110592

Author(s):

Mohanaruban Pravinson ◽

Selladurai Pirasath ◽

Srivickneswaran Ghetheeswaran ◽

Sivahamy Uthayakumaran

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acidosis ◽

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽

Acetylcholine Receptors ◽

Acute Poisoning ◽

Severe Lactic Acidosis ◽

New Class ◽

The World ◽

Excess Amount ◽

Neonicotinoid Insecticide ◽

Specific Management

Acetamiprid is a type of neonicotinoid that belongs to the new class of insecticides. It is fatally toxic to insects by acting as an agonist to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Cases with neonicotinoids including acetamiprid poisoning in humans were reported around the world. Only one case with acetamiprid poisoning associated with severe adverse effects has been described from Sri Lanka. Serious side effects will occur if it is consumed in excess amount. Here, we described a case of acetamiprid poisoning in a man who developed severe lactic acidosis, myocardial suppression, hyperglycemia, and intestinal obstruction following accidental intake of acetamiprid insecticide. The patient was managed conservatively as there is no specific management mentioned in the literature.

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Therapeutic plasma exchange in neuroimmune diseases. Rehabilitation in myasthenia gravis patients treated with apheresis procedures

Balneo and PRM Research Journal ◽

10.12680/balneo.2021.428 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (Vol.12, no.1) ◽

pp. 103-106

Author(s):

Maria-Gabriela CATANĂ ◽

Mihai SAVA ◽

Corina ROMAN-FILIP

Keyword(s):

Myasthenia Gravis ◽

Plasma Exchange ◽

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽

Acetylcholine Receptors ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Therapeutic Plasma Exchange ◽

Therapeutic Modality ◽

Myasthenic Crisis ◽

Class Iii ◽

Extracorporeal Blood Purification

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is an extracorporeal blood purification technique which removes large molecular weight particles, like autoantibodies, from plasma. Double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) is a newer technique in which plasma is not entirely removed, only the antibodies, using special filters. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a well-known autoimmune disease characterized by antibodies against postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and fluctuating weakness, sometimes life-threatening. TPE is a therapeutic modality well established in MG with a positive recommendation based on strong consensus of class III evidence and in the category I of American society for apheresis. There are no adequate randomized control trial, but many cases report short-term benefit from plasma exchange in MG especially MGC. We analyzed the cases of neuroimmune disorders that were presented to our Emergency Care Unit between 2012-2020 and we concluded that good acceptance of procedure (TPE/DFPP) was observed in 72% of patients. TPE is cost-effective rapid therapy for myasthenic crisis and progressive myasthenia gravis. It reduces ICU stays and improves outcome.All in all recent studies show that the combination of rehabilitation and other forms of treatment, appropriately selected activities contribute to alleviating the symptoms of the disease, improving physical fitness, increasing muscle strength, and thus improving the quality of life. Keywords: therapeutic plasma exchange, plasmapheresis, neuroimmune disorders,rehabilitation,

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