Study on microbiology of urinary tract infection and the status of urinary isolates in pregnant women

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequently encountered problems owing to significant number of patients needing hospitalization during pregnancy. The incidence of UTI in pregnant women is reported to be high up to 7-8%. Materials and methods: This is a prospective study conducted in Valley Maternity Hospital during a period of 6 months (Jan 2011 to June 2011). 520 MSU (Mid stream urine samples) from pregnant women clinically suspected of urine infection were evaluated by urine dipstick analysis, microscopic and culture method. The isolates were identified and antibiotic sensitivity pattern was determined by standard protocol. Results: The majority of the patients were in-between the age group of 20-30years- 338cases (65%) and these patients usually presented in the first trimester of pregnancy- 317cases (60.96%).  Out of the 520 clinically suspected UTI cases, 232 (44.61%) was culture positive. Out of the culture positive cases; Escherichia coli (E.coli) was the most common accounting for a total of 144cases (80%). Nitrofurantoin was found to be the most effective drug against the gram negative (Gm-ve) bacteria. Similarly, Ampicillin, Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin were found to be effective agent against gram positive (Gm+ve) bacteria. Conclusion: Screening for bacteriuria is recommended among all pregnant women at the first prenatal visit and in the subsequent trimesters of pregnancy. Prompt treatment of symptomatic UTI and asymptomatic bacteriuria is required in pregnant women to avoid complications like preterm birth, low birth weight and increased perinatal mortality. Key words: UTI, Pregnant women, Antibiotics, Culture method.

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Microbiology of Urinary Tract Infection and the Status of Urinary Isolates in Pregnant Women

Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital ◽

10.3126/mjsbh.v13i2.13111 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 20-24

Author(s):

Sharmila Parajuli ◽

B Thapa

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

First Trimester ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Sensitivity Pattern ◽

Culture Positive

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequently encountered problems owing to significant number of patients needing hospitalization during pregnancy. The incidence of UTI in pregnant women is reported to be high up to 7-8%.Methods: This is a prospective study conducted in Valley Maternity Hospital during a period of 6 months (Jan 2011 to June 2011). 520 MSU (Mid stream urine samples) from pregnant women clinically suspected of urine infection were evaluated by urine dipstick analysis, microscopic and culture method. The isolates were identified and antibiotic sensitivity pattern was determined by standard protocol.Results: The majority of the patients were in-between the age group of 20-30years- 338cases (65%) and these patients usually presented in the first trimester of pregnancy- 317cases (60.96%). Out of the 520 clinically suspected UTI cases, 232 (44.61%) was culture positive. Out of the culture positive cases; Escherichia coli (E.coli) was the most common accounting for a total of 144cases (80%). Nitrofurantoin was found to be the most effective drug against the gram negative (Gm-ve) bacteria. Similarly, Ampicillin, Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin were found to be effective agent against gram positive (Gm+ve) bacteria.Conclusions: Screening for bacteriuria is recommended among all pregnant women at the first prenatal visit and in the subsequent trimesters of pregnancy. Prompt treatment of symptomatic UTI and asymptomatic bacteriuria is required in pregnant women to avoid complications like preterm birth, low birth weight and increased perinatal mortality.

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Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnancy and its Correlation with Nitrite Test

Journal of Nepal Health Research Council ◽

10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3011 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 80-83

Author(s):

M Subedi ◽

SR Basnyat ◽

SD Acharya

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Culture Method ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Sensitivity Pattern ◽

Sensitivity Specificity

Background: Urinary Tract Infection is one of the most frequently seen medical complications of pregnant women. The value of screening for bacteriuria by rapid test has to be readdressed considering methods, significance and costs. The study was done to assess the sensitivity and specificity of rapid test (nitrite test) for the confirmation of UTI and etiology of infection during pregnancy and antibiotics sensitivity pattern of the isolates. Methods: In this observational based study, mid stream urine samples from 100 pregnant women clinically suspected of urine infection were evaluated by urine dipstick analysis, microscopic and by culture method. The isolates were identified and antibiotic sensitivity pattern was determined by standard protocol. At the end, Sensitivity, Specificities, Positive and Negative predictive values of isolates were determined from nitrite test. Results: Out of 100 clinically suspected UTI cases, 45% were culture positive of which (55.5%) were Gramnegative bacteria of them Escherichia coli (n=14) was the most common pathogens and Staphyococcus aureus (n=11) was found to be predominant in Gram positive bacteria. Among total 45 positive cases, 17 samples were nitrite positive and also culture positive. The Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive and Negative predictive values of nitrite test in relation to Enterobacteriaceae were 70.8%, 100%, 100% and 91.5% respectively where as Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive and Negative predictive value of nitrite test in relation to Escherichia coli were 100%, 96.6%, 82.3%, and 100%, respectively. Amikacin as well as Gentamycin was found the most effective antibiotics against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Conclusions: Although, confirmatory diagnosis can be achieved by urine culture method, the combination of Nitrite test with pyuria appears to be rapid test and very useful markers for bacterial UTI in district laboratories where culture facilities are rare. On the basis of in vitro tests Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin are comparatively effective drugs for UTI. Key words: antibiotics; nitrite test; pregnant women; urinary tract infection. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3011 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 80-83

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Assessment of Rapid Dipstick Test for Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection in Asymptomatic Pregnant Female

International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2016/v5i1/83535 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 965

Author(s):

Ashish Khanna ◽

Menka Khanna

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Urine Culture ◽

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽

Culture Method ◽

Premature Delivery ◽

Dipstick Test ◽

In Pregnancy

Background:Bacteriuria during pregnancy has been known to cause many complications like low birth weight and premature delivery.Objective: This study was done to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of rapid dipstick test to predict urinary tract infection in pregnancy against the gold standard urine culture.Material&Methods: A total of 200 mid stream urine samples were collected from asymptomatic pregnant females. These specimens were cultured in blood agar and MacConkey's agar by using the standard loop technique and incubated aerobically at 37°C overnight. The criterion for clinically significant bacteriuria was either a pure or predominant culture of >105 colony forming units (CFU)/ml. All the specimens were also examined microscopically for pyuria and bacteriuria.Results: The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy was 15 % in our study. The sensitivity and the specificity for leucocyte esterase were 85.7% and 74.4% and for nitrites, they were 64.2% and 72%.Conclusion: The study revealed that use of either leukocyte esterase or nitrite for screening of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy was associated with many false positive and negative results when compared with the gold standard urine culture method. By using their combination maximum negative predictive value of .98 was achieved.

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Bacterial vaginosis and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of asymptomatic urinary tract infection in pregnant women at a tertiary care hospital, Visakhaptn, India

Iranian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.18502/ijm.v11i6.2220 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Appikatla Madhu Bhavana ◽

Pilli Hema Prakash Kumari ◽

Nitin Mohan ◽

Vijayalakshmai Chandrasekhar ◽

Payala Vijayalakshmi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Posterior Fornix

Background and Objectives: The association between bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnant women is at a greater risk comparatively than patients with bacterial vaginosis or UTI. Bacterial vaginosis and asymptomatic UTI both pose risk for mother and fetus. Early diagnosis and treatment can save the life of both. The present investigation was aimed to find out the magnitude of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women with noticeable bacterial vaginitis at- tending antenatal outpatient and inpatient of a tertiary care hospital and to identify the organisms causing it. Materials and Methods: A total of 117 antenatal women from different age and parity groups with different gestational ages were included in the study. The samples were subjected to standard microbiological techniques for identification of micro- organisms. While performing Per speculum examination, vaginal secretions were collected from the posterior fornix. Swabs from the posterior fornix were tested for pH using litmus paper. A wet mount and Gram smear was made and examined for the presence of bacteria, polymorphs and clue cells indicating bacterial vaginosis. Amsel’s criteria and Nugent scoring sys- tem were applied for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria was performed using Kirby-Bauer method. Results: Bacterial vaginosis infection rate (62.3%) was common in the present study followed by asymptomatic UTI (n=60, 51%). It was also observed that asymptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) with Bacterial vaginosis prevalent rate was 49 (41.8%) in the current study. Conclusion: Bacterial vaginosis was more common than asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. It is recommended that antenatal health care facilities should incorporate screening of vaginitis among pregnant women to prevent the complica- tions of pregnancy. And those women with Bacterial vaginosis should be screened for UTI. Proper use of antibiotics should be encouraged, abuse of antibiotics should be in check.

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Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of uropathogens from pregnant women with urinary tract infection in Abakaliki, Nigeria

Infection and Drug Resistance ◽

10.2147/idr.s46002 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 225 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Robinson Onoh ◽

Egwuatu ◽

PAUL EZEONU ◽

TOOCHUKWU ONOH ◽

Odidika Umeora

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Sensitivity Pattern

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Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women

Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh ◽

10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21830 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 64-69

Author(s):

Nishat Jubaida ◽

Narjis Maliha Kawsar ◽

Nahid Elora ◽

Md Rahimgir ◽

Nahid Reaz Shapla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Antenatal Visit ◽

Urine Specimen ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Increased Risk

Introduction: Women with asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy are more likely to deliver premature or low birth weight babies and having a 20 40 percent increased risk of developing pyelonephritis during pregnancy compared with women without bacteriuria. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a microbiological diagnosis based on urine culture from persons without signs or symptoms of urinary tract infection. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women and also to determine the relationship between the asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria to isolate the causative pathogens and to find out the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Methods: A total of 540 urine specimen were collected from 540 asymptomatic pregnant women for urinary tract infection, over a period 2 years from January 2011 to December 2012 at Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) Hospital, Pilkhana, Dhaka. All specimens were processed using standard microbiological procedures. All the subjects were evaluated for bacteriuria. Results: The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 10.2% . Pyuria was found in 15.9% of cases. Escherichia coli (80%) was the commonest causative agent of asymptomatic bacteriuria followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus (14.5%) and Pseudomonas spp.(5.5%). Nitrofurantoin was found to be highly sensitive to most of the isolates. 64 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 9, No 2 (December) 2013 Conclusion: Screening for bacteriuria in pregnancy and proper treatment of diagnosed cases must be considered as an essential part of antenatal care in our country. To prevent complications of asymptomatic bacteriuria, all pregnant women should be screened at the first antenatal visit. A negative test for pyuria is not a reliable indicator of the absence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v9i2.21830 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.9(2) 2013

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The study of antibiotic-sensitivity and resistance pattern of bacteria causing catheter associated urinary tract infection

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20203295 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 3196

Author(s):

Abha Singh ◽

Avinashi Kujur ◽

Muthu Lakshmi M. ◽

Abha Daharwal

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Sensitivity Pattern ◽

The Cost

Background: present study is done to study the antibiotic-sensitivity and resistance pattern of bacteria causing catheter associated urinary tract infection. Objectives of this study were to study the bacterial etiology of CAUTI, to study the prevalence of various bacteria causing catheter associated urinary tract infection, the antibiogram (sensitivity and resistance) pattern of isolated bacteria and the percentage of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the study population.Methods: In this prospective observational study, under aseptic precautions, urine sample was taken after 48 hours of catheterization and sent for culture and sensitivity pattern is studied.Results: In this study 500 urine samples were cultured and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern was observed. Out of the 53 culture positive samples most the subjects had asymptomatic bacteriuria. The study gave the incidence of catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) to be 10.6% and about 9% were polymicrobial. In this study about 7 causative bacteria were isolated. Escherichia coli were the most common organism that was isolated. On studying the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of each isolate, it has been observed that all of them are multidrug resistant and the sensitivity pattern is migrating towards higher antibiotics.Conclusions: Empirical use of antibiotics must be avoided and antibiotics must be used only after sensitivity testing. This will help in selection of the appropriate antibiotic for therapeutic use and prevent indiscriminate and irrational use of antibiotics. This will also improve the cost efficiency and decrease the duration of hospital stay.

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Recent Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Escherichia Coli in Urinary Tract Infection

TAJ Journal of Teachers Association ◽

10.3329/taj.v30i1.39125 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 61-65

Author(s):

Md Abdul Bari ◽

Mashiur Arefin ◽

Moriom Nessa ◽

Golam Mostofa ◽

Tafiqul Islam

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Urine Culture ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

E Coli ◽

Sensitivity Pattern ◽

Marked Resistance ◽

Culture Positive

The objective of the study is to assess the recent sensitivity pattern of Escherichia coli in Urinary tract infection (UTI). Widespread use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. As the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the microorganisms are frequently changing, this retrospective analysis was designed to assess the recent antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in urinary tract infection among the human population. Details of 358 urine culture positive reports for E. coli and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern pertaining to the study period of 6 months from Jan 2017 to June 2017 were collected from Microbiology Laboratory of Diagnostic Centers at Rajshahi and the results were statistically analyzed. The antibiotics tested for sensitivity were amikacin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and cefixime. The sensitivity pattern of E.coli to antibiotics in UTI was amikacin (82.68 gentamycin (75.97%), nitrofurantoin (70.67), levofloxacin (44.13%), ceftazidime (42.17%), co-trimoxazole (40.78%), ceftriaxone (38.54%), ciprofloxacin (35.75%), and cefixime (24.02%). The study highlighted the marked resistance of E. coli to quinolones and third generation cephalosporins.TAJ 2017; 30(1): 61-65

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Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Pregnant Women Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Nepal: A Cross-sectional Prospective Study

Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jucms.v9i01.37973 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (01) ◽

pp. 38-42

Author(s):

Shristi Raut ◽

Sulochana Khatiwada ◽

Narayan GC

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Significant Bacteriuria

INTRODUCTION Urinary tract of female undergoes tremendous changes during pregnancy which increases their risk of acquiring infection. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a common entity among pregnant women which refers to significant bacteriuria (>105 bacteria per ml of urine) without any typical symptoms of urinary tract infection. Asymptomatic bacteriuria can lead to various maternal and fetal complications if not detected and treated on time. MATERIAL AND METHODS Total 280 urine samples were collected in sterile universal containers from pregnant women not showing typical symptoms of urinary tract infection at the time of sample collection. Urine samples were inoculated in both MacConkey agar and Blood agar by semi quantitative culture method. Culture plates were reported after 24 hours of incubation at 370C. Bacteria isolated were subjected to antibacterial susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. RESULTS Out of 280 urine cultures, 213 samples were sterile. Significant bacteriuria was seen in 25 cases (8.9%) followed by insignificant bacteriuria (20, 7.14%) and contamination (17, 6.10%). Highest number of cultures positive were in age group 21-30 years (19, 9.1%,). Out of 25 cases of significant bacteriuria, 60% were primigravida and 40% were multigravida. The most common organism isolated was Escherichia coli (10, 60%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (5, 40%). CONCLUSION Screening of all pregnant women for asymptomatic bacteriuria is essential during their antenatal checkup. Escherichia coli is the commonest organism that cause asymptomatic bacteriuria. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is absolutely necessary for positive cases on the basis of antimicrobial susceptibility result to prevent unwanted obstetric complications.

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A retrospective study on prevalence, bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of urinary tract infection in children of 2-12 years age in a tertiary care centre, Puducherry, India

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20193588 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 1818

Author(s):

Dharmalingam Angamuthu ◽

Chandru Bhaskar ◽

Nalini Aswathaman

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Age Group ◽

E Coli ◽

Sensitivity Pattern ◽

Female Predominance ◽

Culture Positive ◽

In Infants And Children

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of acute bacterial illness in infants and children(1).Diagnosis is often missed in infants and children as urinary symptoms are minimal and nonspecific. It is becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among organisms.Method: It was done as a retrospective cross sectional study conducted on Children of 2-12 years of age suspected to have UTI from January 2018 to December 2018 in Pediatric Department of AVMCH.Results: Out of 286 children with symptoms suggestive of Urinary tract infection, 22(7.7%) were found to have culture positive UTI with 9.2% prevalence in 2-6 years age group as against 6.4% in 7-12 years of age group. Culture positive UTI was predominantly found in males in 2-6 years age group as against female predominance in 7-12 years age group. E. coli (45.5%) was the commonest organism isolated among them followed by Klebsiella. 90% of organisms were sensitive to Nitrofurantoin and 80% were sensitive to Amikacin(80%).Discussion: Culture positive UTI rate varies with gender and age group. It was predominantly found in males in 2-6 years age group as against female predominance in 7-12 years age group. E. coli and Klebsieella were the most common organisms with predominant sensitivity to Nitrofurantoin and Amikacin similar to other studies. Limitation of this study Retrospective study, small sample size and follow up for complications not done.Conclusion: This study concludes E. coli and Klebsieella were the most common organisms with predominant sensitivity to Nitrofurantoin and Amikacin. Antibiotics need to be selected based on organisms and their sensitivity pattern.

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