scholarly journals Potential Lethal Co-infections in COVID-19: A Study Based on Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-129
Author(s):  
Shiv Nandan Sah ◽  
Arjun Ghimire ◽  
Ranjit Kumar Sah ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Sah ◽  
Neena Caplash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Corona Virus

Co-infection with other respiratory pathogens has been reported in patients with COVID-19. Common respiratory pathogens can infect as co-pathogens during SARS-nCoV-2 infections. The aim of this article is to spread knowledge regarding possible co-infections during COVID-19, and reduce their occurrence. Google scholar was used to search the literature for possible co-infections in the people with COVID-19 and reviewed the existing published data. In most cases, co-infections are common due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumonia, Legionella pneumophila, and Acinetobacter baumannii.Prevalence of fungal and viral co-infections is low. However, Candida species and Aspergillus flavusare the common co-infective fungi. Viruses such as Influenza, Corona virus, Rhinovirus/ Enterovirus, Parainfluenza, Metapneumo virus, Influenza B virus, and Human immunodeficiency virus have also been reported as co-infecting agents during COVID-19. Influenza A was one of the most common co-infective viruses, which may have caused initial false-negative results of a real-time RT-PCR for severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The prevalence of co-infections could be up to 50% among non-survivors. Only newly developed syndromic multiplex panels that incorporate SARS-CoV-2 may facilitate the early detection of co-infections. The suitable antimicrobial agents can be recommended for the co-infections caused by other respiratory pathogens during COVID-19.

scholarly journals A Method To Prevent SARS-CoV-2 IgM False Positives in Gold Immunochromatography and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Qin Du ◽  
Bin Guo ◽  
Daiyong Mu ◽  
Xiaolan Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Reactivity ◽  
Positive Serum ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT We set out to investigate the interference factors that led to false-positive novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgM detection results using gold immunochromatography assay (GICA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the corresponding solutions. GICA and ELISA were used to detect SARS-CoV-2 IgM in 86 serum samples, including 5 influenza A virus (Flu A) IgM-positive sera, 5 influenza B virus (Flu B) IgM-positive sera, 5 Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM-positive sera, 5 Legionella pneumophila IgM-positive sera, 6 sera of HIV infection patients, 36 rheumatoid factor IgM (RF-IgM)-positive sera, 5 sera from hypertensive patients, 5 sera from diabetes mellitus patients, and 14 sera from novel coronavirus infection disease 19 (COVID-19) patients. The interference factors causing false-positive reactivity with the two methods were analyzed, and the urea dissociation test was employed to dissociate the SARS-CoV-2 IgM-positive serum using the best dissociation concentration. The two methods detected positive SARS-CoV-2 IgM in 22 mid-to-high-level-RF-IgM-positive sera and 14 sera from COVID-19 patients; the other 50 sera were negative. At a urea dissociation concentration of 6 mol/liter, SARS-CoV-2 IgM results were positive in 1 mid-to-high-level-RF-IgM-positive serum and in 14 COVID-19 patient sera detected using GICA. At a urea dissociation concentration of 4 mol/liter and with affinity index (AI) levels lower than 0.371 set to negative, SARS-CoV-2 IgM results were positive in 3 mid-to-high-level-RF-IgM-positive sera and in 14 COVID-19 patient sera detected using ELISA. The presence of RF-IgM at mid-to-high levels could lead to false-positive reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 IgM detected using GICA and ELISA, and urea dissociation tests would be helpful in reducing SARS-CoV-2 IgM false-positive results.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Performance Characteristics of Panther Fusion Assays for Detection of Respiratory Viruses from Nasopharyngeal and Lower Respiratory Tract Specimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soya S. Sam ◽  
Angela M. Caliendo ◽  
Jessica Ingersoll ◽  
Deborah Abdul-Ali ◽  
Charles E. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Percent Agreement ◽  
Syncytial Virus

ABSTRACT Accurate and rapid diagnosis is needed for timely intervention and clinical management of acute respiratory infections. This study evaluated performance characteristics of the Panther Fusion assay for the detection of influenza A virus (Flu A), influenza B virus (Flu B), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses 1 to 3 (Para 1 to 3), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), rhinovirus (RV), and adenovirus (Adeno) targets in comparison to those of the eSensor and Lyra assays using 395 nasopharyngeal (NP) and 104 lower respiratory tract (LRT) specimens. Based on the consensus positive result established (positive result in 2 of the 3 assays), the NP specimens for the Fusion and eSensor assays had 100% positive percent agreement (PPA) for all the analytes and the Lyra assays had 100% PPA for Flu A and Adeno analytes. A 100% negative percent agreement (NPA) was observed for all the Lyra analytes, whereas those for the Fusion targets ranged from 98.4 to 100% and those for the eSensor ranged from 99.4 to 100% for all the analytes except RV. For the LRT specimens, Fusion had 100% PPA and 100% NPA for all the targets except hMPV. There was a 100% PPA for eSensor analytes; the NPA ranged from 98 to 100%, except for RV. For the Lyra assays, the PPA ranged between 50 and 100%, while the NPA was 100% for all the targets except Adeno. The Fusion assay performed similarly to the eSensor assay for majority of the targets tested and provides laboratories with a fully automated random-access system to test for a broad array of viral respiratory pathogens.

scholarly journals Acute Respiratory Disease at a Chinese Military Recruitment Training Center: Three-Year Consecutive Investigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Jun-fei Zhang ◽  
Jian Fang ◽  
Hai-yan Song ◽  
Wei-li Wu ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Training Center ◽  
Acute Respiratory Disease ◽  
B Virus

Abstract Background Military recruits are at a higher risk of acute respiratory disease (ARD) and the causative agents might change over time, which needs to be investigated. Methods The nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were consecutively collected from conscripts for three years in a military training center. The real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assays were conducted for 15 species of common respiratory pathogens; the serum anti-Legionella pneumophila antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay, and serum anti-Microplasma pneumoniae antibodies, serum anti-influenza B virus and anti-influenza A virus-IgM and IgG were detected by ELISA. Results The prevalences of ARD were 59.3% (108/182) in 2008, 23.3% (50/215) in 2009, and 19.6% (40/204) in 2010. Among the patients with ARD from 2008 to 2010, the influenza B virus infection accounted for 45.4%, 30.0% and 55.0%, and seasonal influenza A virus infection for 8.3%, 8.0% and 5.0%, respectively; the positive rates of serum anti-Legionella pneumophila and anti-Microplasma pneumoniae antibodies in recruits was lower than 10% each year respectively in the three years without diagnostic significance. Conclusion The early appropriate diagnosis and treatment of ARD in military personnel will ensure the power strength of armed forces.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analyses Implicate Endogenous Retroviruses Involved in the Host Antiviral Immune System through the Interferon Pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Wang ◽  
Liying Wang ◽  
Haizhou Liu ◽  
Jianjun Chen ◽  
Di Liu
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response

AbstractHuman endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are the remains of ancient retroviruses that invaded our ancestors’ germline cell and were integrated into the genome. The expression of HERVs has always been a cause for concern because of its association with various cancers and diseases. However, few previous studies have focused on specific activation of HERVs by viral infections. Our previous study has shown that dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) infection induces the transcription of a large number of abnormal HERVs loci; therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between exogenous viral infection and HERV activation further. In this study, we retrieved and reanalyzed published data on 21 transcriptomes of human cells infected with various viruses. We found that infection with different viruses could induce transcriptional activation of HERV loci. Through the comparative analysis of all viral datasets, we identified 43 key HERV loci that were up-regulated by DENV-2, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, Zika virus, measles virus, and West Nile virus infections. Furthermore, the neighboring genes of these HERVs were simultaneously up-regulated, and almost all such neighboring genes were interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which are enriched in the host’s antiviral immune response pathways. Our data supported the hypothesis that activation of HERVs, probably via an interferon-mediated mechanism, plays an important role in innate immunity against viral infections.

scholarly journals Clinical diagnosis of 8274 samples with 2019-novel coronavirus in Wuhan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Wang ◽  
Qing Wu ◽  
Wanzhou Xu ◽  
Bin Qiao ◽  
Jingwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

SummaryBackground2019-Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreaks create challenges for hospital laboratories because thousands of samples must be evaluated each day. Sample types, interpretation methods, and corresponding laboratory standards must be established. The possibility of other infections should be assessed to provide a basis for clinical classification, isolation, and treatment. Accordingly, in the present study, we evaluated the testing methods for 2019-nCoV and co-infections.MethodsWe used a fluorescence-based quantitative PCR kit urgently distributed by the Chinese CDC to detect 8274 close contacts in the Wuhan region against two loci on the 2019-nCoV genome. We also analyzed 613 patients with fever who underwent multiple tests for 13 respiratory pathogens; 316 subjects were also tested for 2019-nCoV.FindingsAmong the 8274 subjects, 2745 (33.2%) had 2019-nCoV infection; 5277 (63.8%) subjects showed negative results in the 2019-nCoV nucleic acid test (non-2019-nCoV); and 252 cases (3.0%) because only one target was positive, the diagnosis was not definitive. Eleven patients who originally had only one positive target were re-examined a few days later; 9 patients (81.8%) were finally defined as 2019-nCoV-positive, and 2 (18.2%) were finally defined as negative. The positive rates of nCoV-NP and nCovORF1ab were 34.7% and 34.7%, respectively. nCoV-NP-positive only and nCovORF1ab-positive cases accounted for 1.5% and 1.5%, respectively. In the 316 patients with multiple respiratory pathogens, 104 were positive for 2019-nCov and 6/104 had co-infection with coronavirus (3/104), influenza A virus (2/104), rhinovirus (2/104), and influenza A H3N2 (1/104); the remaining 212 patients had influenza A virus (11/202), influenza A H3N2 (11/202), rhinovirus (10/202), respiratory syncytial virus (7/202), influenza B virus (6/202), metapneumovirus (4/202), and coronavirus (2/202).InterpretationClinical testing methods for 2019-nCoV require improvement. Importantly, 5.8% of 2019-nCoV infected and 18.4% of non-2019-nCoV-infected patients had other pathogen infections. It is important to treat combined infections and perform rapid screening to avoid cross-contamination of patients. A test that quickly and simultaneously screens as many pathogens as possible is needed.FundingNo founding was receivedResearch in contextEvidence before this studyWe searched PubMed for articles published up to January 31, 2020 using the keywords “2019 novel coronavirus” or “2019-nCoV”. No published study on the characteristics of 2019-nCoV tests or 2019-nCoV co-infections was found. We only noted recent laboratory findings for other tests of patients infected with 2019-nCoV.Added value of this studyPositive detection of nCoV-NP or nCovORF1ab is presented, and individuals with/without 2019-nCoV infections or with inconclusive results were identified. Patients with inconclusive results may be diagnosed with 2019-nCoV infection or found to be negative for the infection after resampling and retesting in the next few days. Approximately 5.8% of the subjects diagnosed with 2019-nCoV had co-infection.Implications of all the available evidenceManagement of the population showing inconclusive results should be given attention; additionally, such results can be minimized by improving the sampling, sample pretreatment, and testing methodologies. When diagnosing 2019-nCoV subjects, the possibility of co-infection should be considered. Finally, better clinical detection methods are needed to simultaneously screen as many pathogens as possible.

scholarly journals 689. Nasal versus Nasopharyngeal Sample Collection for Diagnostic Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing for Influenza A, Influenza B, and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S398-S398
Author(s):  
Grace A Schaack ◽  
Brittney Jung-Hynes ◽  
Derrick Chen
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results

Abstract Background Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for influenza A virus (IAV), influenza B virus (IBV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a standard component of diagnosis of infections with these pathogens. At our institution, current standard of practice is to collect nasopharyngeal (NP) samples for such NAAT. In an effort to provide clinicians and patients a simpler, more comfortable sample collection option, we evaluated the use of nasal samples for NAAT, compared to NP samples. Methods Both nasal and NP specimens were collected from each of 58 patients seen in our emergency department (January – March 2020). NP samples were collected using minitip FLOQswabs; nasal samples were collected using regular or minitip FLOQswabs. Nasal and NP samples were processed using the same protocol and tested for influenza viruses and RSV using the Cepheid GeneXpert (Xpress Flu/RSV) platform. Results In total, 20 NP samples tested negative for virus and 38 tested positive (16 IAV-positive, 14 IBV-positive, 8 RSV-positive). There were 3 cases (5% of total cases) in which qualitative (positive/negative) results from the corresponding nasal samples were not in agreement with results derived from NP samples. These were considered false-negative results; one such discrepancy was resolved upon re-testing the same samples. Overall positive percent agreement between nasal- and NP-derived results was 92% (35/38), and negative percent agreement was 100% (20/20). Among samples testing positive for virus by both NP and nasal sampling methods, we found that the average cycle threshold (Ct) value for IAV detection was 5.1 cycles (n = 16, SEM = 0.83) higher for nasal samples than for NP samples. The average Ct for IBV detection was 3.3 cycles (n = 12, SEM = 1.87) higher for nasal than for NP samples. The average Ct for RSV detection was 1.9 cycles (n = 7, SEM = 1.57) higher for nasal than for NP samples. Conclusion These results suggest that recovery of viral RNA from nasal samples is lower than that from nasopharyngeal samples, particularly for influenza viruses. This decreased detection of viral RNA from nasal samples may explain the false-negative results seen in our discrepant cases. These data suggest that a decrease in recovery of viral RNA by nasal sampling may translate to decreased diagnostic accuracy. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS STRAINS

1944 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Friedewald
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Homologous Virus ◽  
Cell Adsorption ◽  
Virus Strains

A study of the PR8, Christie, Talmey, W.S., and swine strains of influenza A virus by means of antibody absorption tests revealed the following findings: 1. Serum antibody could be specifically absorbed with allantoic fluid containing influenza virus or, more effectively, with concentrated suspensions of virus obtained from allantoic fluid by high-speed centrifugation or by the red cell adsorption and elution technique. Normal allantoic fluid, or the centrifugalized sediment therefrom, failed to absorb antibodies. Influenza B virus (Lee) caused no detectable absorption of antibody from antisera directed against influenza A virus strains, but it specifically absorbed antibody from Lee antisera. 2. The neutralizing, agglutination-inhibiting, and complement-fixing anti-bodies in ferret antisera were completely absorbed only by the homologous virus strain, even though 2 absorptions were carried out with large amounts of heterologous virus strains. 3. PR8 virus appeared to have the broadest range of specific antigenic components for it completely absorbed the heterologous antibodies in Christie and W.S. antisera and left only those antibodies which reacted with the respective homologous strains. The other virus strains (Christie, Talmey, W.S., swine) were more specific in the absorption of heterologous antibodies and completely removed only those antibodies which reacted with the absorbing virus. 4. The absorption tests revealed a higher degree of specificity and individuality of the virus strains than the various cross reactions previously reported. The strain specificity of PR8 virus was equally manifest in absorption tests with ferret sera and with human sera following vaccination. 5. The amount of homologous antibody remaining in a PR8 ferret serum after absorption with PR8 virus, obtained by the red cell adsorption and elution method, varied inversely as the concentration of virus used for absorption. A given concentration of virus, however, absorbed a greater percentage of neutralizing antibodies than either agglutination-inhibiting or complement-fixing antibodies.

Severe Influenza Virus Infection in Children Admitted to the PICU: Comparison of Influenza A and Influenza B Virus Infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pınar YAZICI ÖZKAYA ◽  
Eşe Eda TURANLI ◽  
Hamdi METİN ◽  
Ayça Aydın UYSAL ◽  
Candan ÇİÇEK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Severe Influenza ◽  
B Virus

scholarly journals Clinical Investigations. Comparison of Directigen Flu A+B with Real Time PCR in the Diagnosis of Influenza / Сравнение Иммунохроматографического Метода (Directigen Flu A+B) И Теста RT-PCR При Инфекциях Гриппа

Folia Medica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golubinka Bosevska ◽  
Nikola Panovski ◽  
Elizabeta Janceska ◽  
Vladimir Mikik ◽  
Irena Kondova Topuzovska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Nose And Throat

AbstractEarly diagnosis and treatment of patients with influenza is the reason why physicians need rapid high-sensitivity influenza diagnostic tests that require no complex lab equipment and can be performed and interpreted within 15 min. The Aim of this study was to compare the rapid Directigen Flu A+B test with real time PCR for detection of influenza viruses in the Republic of Macedonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One-hundred-eight respiratory samples (combined nose and throat swabs) were routinely collected for detection of influenza virus during influenza seasons. Forty-one patients were pediatric cases and 59 were adult. Their mean age was 23 years. The patients were allocated into 6 age groups: 0 - 4 yrs, 5 - 9 yrs, 10 - 14 yrs, 15 - 19 yrs, 20-64 yrs and > 65 yrs. Each sample was tested with Directigen Flu A+B and CDC real time PCR kit for detection and typisation/subtypisation of influenza according to the lab diagnostic protocol. RESULTS: Directigen Flu A+B identified influenza A virus in 20 (18.5%) samples and influenza B virus in two 2 (1.9%) samples. The high specificity (100%) and PPV of Directigen Flu A+B we found in our study shows that the positive results do not need to be confirmed. The overall sensitivity of Directigen Flu A+B is 35.1% for influenza A virus and 33.0% for influenza B virus. The sensitivity for influenza A is higher among children hospitalized (45.0%) and outpatients (40.0%) versus adults. CONCLUSION: Directigen Flu A+B has relatively low sensitivity for detection of influenza viruses in combined nose and throat swabs. Negative results must be confirmed.

scholarly journals Haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against influenza A and influenza B in maternal and neonatal sera

1978 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Masurel ◽  
J. I. de Bruijne ◽  
H. A. Beuningh ◽  
H. J. A. Schouten
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Duration Of Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth

SUMMARYHaemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against the influenza viruses A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) and B/Nederland/77/66 were determined in 420 paired sera from mothers and newborns (umbilical cord sera), sampled in 1970–1.A higher concentration of antibodies against influenza A virus was found more frequently in neonatal than in maternal sera. By contrast, low titres against influenza B virus were more frequently observed in neonatal than in maternal sera. Maternal age, duration of pregnancy, and birth-weight did not affect the results of the tests.It is suggested that the titre of the newborn against an epidemic influenza virus can be predicted from that of the mother. Furthermore, the maternal titre may be an indication of the susceptibility of the newborn infant to influenza infections.

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