scholarly journals Wheat root rot in West Central Morocco and effects of Fusarium culmorum and Helminthosporium sativum seed and soil-borne inoculum on root rot development, plant emergence and crop yield

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abderrahmane Lyamani
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
West Central ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Plant Emergence

STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: IV. EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION AND CULTURAL PRACTICE ON THE RELATIVE PREVALENCE OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND FUSARIUM SPP. AS INDICATED BY ISOLATIONS FROM WHEAT PLANTS

1934 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Broadfoot
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Crown Tissue ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Relative Prevalence ◽  
Marked Tendency

The crown and root tissue from 43,305 of 47,360 plants examined in this investigation yielded Helminthosporium sativum, Fusarium culmorum and other Fusarium spp., either alone or in combination with these or other fungi and bacteria. It was the exception for any mature plant, the surface tissue of which was disinfected, to be free from fungi or bacteria. None of the various crop sequences or cultural practices used in this study appeared to significantly affect more than another the relative prevalence of either H. sativum or Fusarium spp., as indicated by isolations from the crown tissue of wheat. However, as there was a marked tendency at certain stations each year for H. sativum or Fusarium spp. to predominate, it was concluded that certain factors of the environment were more effective than the crop sequence in modifying the relative prevalence of the two fungi mentioned in the crown and root tissue of wheat plants.

STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: I. EFFECT OF AGE OF THE WHEAT PLANT UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOT AND ROOT ROT

1933 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Broadfoot
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Unsterilized Soil ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Made In

Studies were made to determine whether, in sterilized inoculated soil, Marquis wheat plants became more or less susceptible during the post-seedling stage to Ophiobolus graminis, Helminthosporium sativum, and Fusarium culmorum. While it was found that the plants in the seedling stage were more susceptible than at later stages, there was, with the technique used, no evidence that the plants become more or less susceptible during the post-seedling stage. The reasons for indefinite evidence on this important question are given. In sterilized soil, in open pot culture, inoculum of O. graminis was definitely more virulent when alone than when mixed singly or in combination with H. sativum, F. culmorum or Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides. The virulence of all pathogenes mentioned decreased progressively in sterilized soil, the greatest decrease taking place during the first 40 days, after which they were only slightly pathogenic and at the end of 120 days inoculum of O. graminis was impotent. The virulence of inoculum when added to unsterilized soil was greatly reduced in contrast with that in sterilized soil, and after 10 days it was practically at a minimum. These results emphasize the necessity of protecting inoculated sterilized soil against contamination by other micro-organisms in critical studies made in soil. They also throw light on the much recognized difficulty of producing foot rot in the field by prepared inoculum added to such soil.

STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: VII. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE HEALTH OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS IN NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS

1943 ◽  
Vol 21c (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Tyner ◽  
W. C. Broadfoot
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The effect of iron tartrate on the development of chlorosis in wheat seedlings in nutrient solutions, and also the effect of extracts of Helminthosporium sativum P. K. & B. and Fusarium culmorum W. G. Sm. on disease expression, were studied under greenhouse conditions. Iron tartrate was effective in preventing chlorosis. Less iron was required in summer plantings than in winter plantings. Also, less iron was required in solutions with the higher hydrogen ion concentrations. Under the conditions employed, manganese effected no amelioration of chlorotic symptoms in the presence of a deficiency of iron.Sterilized and unsterilized filtered extracts of the pathogens mentioned added to crocks of the nutrient solution inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings, an effect in soil culture which is interpreted as an index of pathogenicity.

ON THE PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENIC FORMS OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND FUSARIUM CULMORUM IN THE SOIL OF WHEAT FIELDS AND ITS RELATION TO THE ROOT ROT PROBLEM

1934 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Sanford ◽  
W. C. Broadfoot
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Crown Tissue ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Pot Culture

A total of 227 isolates of Helminthosporium sativum and 286 of Fusarium sp. (culmorum type) were obtained from the diseased crown tissue of wheat stubble in five fields located in the black soil belt of central Alberta, and an attempt was made to determine their relative virulence on wheat seedlings and on mature plants. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, with a range of soil temperature. Sterilized, artificially infested soil in open pot culture was used. The results indicated that the Helminthosporium isolates were as a rule moderately to weakly pathogenic, and that most of the Fusarium isolates were only weakly pathogenic to wheat plants in the seedling stage. Some isolates of each pathogen exhibited extreme virulence, but judging from the results on seedling plants, virulent strains were rather rare in the fields studied. On mature plants both fungi showed about equal degrees of virulence, which was on the whole weak, and the results were not considered significant for the purpose of the study. More isolates of the greater degrees of virulence were obtained from certain fields than from others. In view of the great susceptibility of seedling plants in sterilized re-infested soil and the variable results, presumably caused by association effects of contaminants of the soil in open pot culture, it was concluded that the object of the study could not be attained by means of data based on the seedling stage, or by the technique employed. The possibility of significant results being secured in sterilized re-infested soil, protected from contamination, and based only on mature plants, is discussed in relation to the root rot problem.

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM CONTINUOUS CROPPING OF SPRING WHEAT ON AGGRESSIVENESS OF Cochliobolus sativus

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. EL-NASHAAR ◽  
R. W. STACK
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Cochliobolus Sativus ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Wheat Plot

Cochliobolus sativus cultures were collected from symptomatic wheat plants from a plot planted continuously to wheat for over 90 yr and from symptomatic wheat plants in commercial grain fields cropped rotationally in the surrounding area. Pathogenicity of these isolates was tested in replicated greenhouse trials using wheat plants scored for disease 6 wk after inoculation. Isolates from the continuous-cropped wheat plot were more aggressive on average than were isolates from commercial fields. Long-term continuous cropping to wheat appears to shift the population of C. sativus toward more aggressive types, although many less aggressive types also remain.Key words: Aggressiveness, Drechslera sorkiniana, Helminthosporium sativum, wheat root rot

EVALUATION OF SPRING BARLEYS FOR REACTION TO Fusarium culmorum SEEDLING BLIGHT AND ROOT ROT

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM E. GREY ◽  
DONALD E. MATHRE
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Mature Plant ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Plant Emergence

The effects of Fusarium seedling blight and root rot, caused by Fusarium culmorum, on plant emergence, harvestable tillers, grain yield and disease reaction in 12 spring barley cultivars were studied in greenhouse and field experiments at Bozeman, Mt. in 1984 and 1985. Atomization of F. culmorum macroconidia onto seed increased disease severity in greenhouse seedlings and mature plants in the field as compared with noninoculated seed. In the inoculated treatments the mean disease rating, based upon the extent of discoloration of the seedling coleoptile or the mature plant subcrown internode, differentiated resistant and susceptible two- and six-rowed cultivars. Among the 12 cultivars, seedling and mature plant disease reactions were not correlated. In 1985 field tests, F. culmorum inoculation reduced the plant emergence of all two-rowed, but only one six-rowed cultivar. Plant emergence in 1985 field tests was negatively correlated with greenhouse seedling and field mature plant disease reactions. To remove the effects of stand reduction by inoculation and determine the subsequent effect of infection on grain yield, the plant stand of a control treatment was hand-thinned to equal that of the inoculated treatment. Generally, F. culmorum inoculation had no effect on harvestable tillers or grain yield when compared with the hand-thinned control. The ease with which seed can be inoculated with the pathogen makes this technique a useful tool in evaluating the ability of a genotype to compensate for stand reduction and to tolerate root rot infection.Key words: Disease tolerance, dryland root rot

scholarly journals An eco-friendly way to protect wheat seeds from phytopathogens

2022 ◽  
Vol 354 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Kekalo
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Seed Dressing ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Pesticide Load ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Protecting wheat seed from phytopathogens is a popular topic for plant breeders. The objects requiring close attention and control on wheat are smut infections, pathogens of root rot. And if the pathogens of smut we have learned to fight quite effectively with, then microorganisms that infect underground parts of plants are controlled with less success and many questions in the system of protection against them remain controversial. The issue of reducing the pesticide load on agrocenoses, starting with the protection of seeds, also remains relevant. The article presents the results of field trials of means of protecting spring wheat seeds from root rot in 2019–2020, carried out within the framework of the state assignment at the Kurgan SRIA — branch of FSBSI UrFASRC, according to generally accepted methods. The aim of the research was to assess the biological, economic efficiency of the combined use of a chemical seed dressing agent and a biofungicide based on Bacillus subtilis in protecting wheat from soil-seed infections, to determine the competitiveness of an ecologized method of protecting seeds (reduced consumption rate of a chemical seed dressing agent in combination with biological fungicide). The obtained research results indicate that with a high level of damage to wheat by root rot (Fusarium, B. sorokiniana), the use of seed treatment with the studied preparations ensured the preservation of 10–12% of the yield, more efficiency was noted in the variants with the Oplot 0.5 l/t and the Oplot 0.3 l/t + Nodix Premium 0.3 l/t . The technical effectiveness of fungicides against wheat root rot ranged 44% for Nodix Premium to 85–86% for chemical protection and mixed use. An environmentally friendly method of protecting wheat seeds, which consists in using a 40% lower rate of a chemical dressing agent with a biopesticide, turned out to be competitive.

scholarly journals Taxonomic composition and incidence of phytopathogenic fungi on the roots of soft spring wheat in the Kansk-Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (44) ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
Alexander Saakian ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Fusarium Spp

The taxonomic composition and incidence of phytopathogenic fungi on the roots of soft spring wheat Triticum aestivum L. of nine varieties of Siberian origin (Altayskaya 70, Altayskaya 75, Krasnoyarskaya 12, Novosibirskaya 15, Novosibirskaya 16, Novosibirskaya 29, Novosibirskaya 31, Novosibirskaya 41 and Svirel) cultivated using wheat and fallow as a predecessor, was studied in the area of Kansk-Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. Average incidence of fungal root infection was 24%. In plants grown using wheat as a predecessor, the incidence was statistically significantly (p <0.05) higher than in plants grown using fallow as a predecessor (27.3 versus 20.6%). Statistically significant (p <0.05) differences in the prevalence of root infection were revealed between cultivars. The maximal prevalence (33.3 and 32.3%, respectively) on average for the wheat predecessor and fallow was found for the varieties Svirel and Altayskaya 75, the minimal (16.7%) for the varieties Novosibirskaya 16 and Altayskaya 70. The complex of phytopathogenic fungi on the roots is represented by Fusarium spp., Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria spp. (31.4, 44.9 and 23.7% of the pathogenic complex on average for varieties and variants, respectively). The composition of pathogens statistically significantly (p <0.01) depends on the predecessor. In the plants cultivated using wheat as a predecessor, the proportion of Alternaria spp. was higher whereas proportions of Fusarium spp. and Bipolaris sorokiniana were lower. No differences in prevalence and taxonomic composition of root infection between varieties originated from Novosibirsk territory, Krasnoyarsk territory and Altay territory were found. Keywords: SPRING WHEAT, ROOT ROT, KRASNOYARSK TERRITORY, FUSARIUM SPP., BIPOLARIS SOROKINIANA, ALTERNARIA SPP

RECOVERY IN WHEAT FROM EARLY INFECTIONS BY HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND FUSARIUM CULMORUM

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Sallans
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Early Seedling

The tendency of wheat plants to recover from initial stunting by Helminthosporium sativum and Fusarium culmorum was studied under field conditions by comparing areas of the successively formed leaves of the main culm. The yields of grain were taken as the over-all measure of the influence of disease on the plants.H. sativum when applied to seed caused significant reduction in areas of the first and second leaves of the seedlings. Successive leaves were progressively larger in relation to those of the uninoculated plants. The two varieties in the experiment were about equally stunted in the early seedling stage. Reward made a notable recovery as indicated by increased areas of the later leaves and a substantially greater yield of grain than in the controls. Thatcher made only a partial recovery and its yield of grain was slightly depressed.F. culmorum produced less stunting than H. sativum in seedling leaves, and recovery as indicated in the later leaves was less marked though significant.H. sativum and F. culmorum on the same plants caused more initial stunting of leaves followed by greater recovery than with either fungus alone.

OVERWINTERING OF CERTAIN CEREAL PATHOGENS IN ALBERTA

1937 ◽  
Vol 15c (12) ◽  
pp. 547-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Foster ◽  
A. W. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Tilletia Caries ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Continuous Freezing ◽  
Hardened Condition

Helminthosporium sativum, Fusarium culmorum, Ophiobolus graminis, Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides, Wojnowicia graminis, Erysiphe graminis, Tilletia caries, and Tilletia foetens readily overwinter under natural conditions at Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The first five of these overwinter at Edmonton in both spore and vegetative stages and are highly resistant to cold. Even in a non-hardened condition several of them survived severe frost. Young germ tubes of H. sativum for instance continued growth after being frozen solid overnight. Fresh agar cultures of H. sativum, F. culmorum and O. graminis grew vigorously after exposure to sub-zero temperatures. Agar cultures of H. sativum and F. culmorum were viable after a 17-day exposure to temperatures ranging from about 0° F. to —50° F.Conidia of H. sativum proved less resistant to freezing and thawing than to continuous freezing. They survived longer than conidia of F. culmorum and F. graminearum. Mycelia of all foot-rot fungi grown on sterilized barley seeds were viable in one case after three months of continuous freezing, and in another after 40 alternate freezings and thawings. H. sativum and F. culmorum growing in soil survived 61 alternate freezings and thawings.H. sativum, F. culmorum and L. herpotrichoides, retained their viability more readily on the soil surface than when buried at depths of from 2 to 12 in. Well aerated soil seemed to favor the survival of H. sativum, although other factors besides aeration probably are involved. Strains of H. sativum from high latitudes were not better adapted to low temperatures than strains from lower latitudes.The bunt fungi, T. caries and T. foetens, are shown to be capable of overwintering at Edmonton in the form of mycelia in winter wheat. Infection of winter wheat from soil-borne spores may occur in western Canada, but in these experiments soil-borne spores did not survive to infect wheat in the spring.Erysiphe graminis overwinters in the perithecial stage at Edmonton. In the studies made, ascospores were differentiated in the spring, when favorable conditions prevailed and before the first infections of winter wheat were observed.

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