OVERWINTERING OF CERTAIN CEREAL PATHOGENS IN ALBERTA

1937 ◽  
Vol 15c (12) ◽  
pp. 547-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Foster ◽  
A. W. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Tilletia Caries ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Continuous Freezing ◽  
Hardened Condition

Helminthosporium sativum, Fusarium culmorum, Ophiobolus graminis, Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides, Wojnowicia graminis, Erysiphe graminis, Tilletia caries, and Tilletia foetens readily overwinter under natural conditions at Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The first five of these overwinter at Edmonton in both spore and vegetative stages and are highly resistant to cold. Even in a non-hardened condition several of them survived severe frost. Young germ tubes of H. sativum for instance continued growth after being frozen solid overnight. Fresh agar cultures of H. sativum, F. culmorum and O. graminis grew vigorously after exposure to sub-zero temperatures. Agar cultures of H. sativum and F. culmorum were viable after a 17-day exposure to temperatures ranging from about 0° F. to —50° F.Conidia of H. sativum proved less resistant to freezing and thawing than to continuous freezing. They survived longer than conidia of F. culmorum and F. graminearum. Mycelia of all foot-rot fungi grown on sterilized barley seeds were viable in one case after three months of continuous freezing, and in another after 40 alternate freezings and thawings. H. sativum and F. culmorum growing in soil survived 61 alternate freezings and thawings.H. sativum, F. culmorum and L. herpotrichoides, retained their viability more readily on the soil surface than when buried at depths of from 2 to 12 in. Well aerated soil seemed to favor the survival of H. sativum, although other factors besides aeration probably are involved. Strains of H. sativum from high latitudes were not better adapted to low temperatures than strains from lower latitudes.The bunt fungi, T. caries and T. foetens, are shown to be capable of overwintering at Edmonton in the form of mycelia in winter wheat. Infection of winter wheat from soil-borne spores may occur in western Canada, but in these experiments soil-borne spores did not survive to infect wheat in the spring.Erysiphe graminis overwinters in the perithecial stage at Edmonton. In the studies made, ascospores were differentiated in the spring, when favorable conditions prevailed and before the first infections of winter wheat were observed.

A SLIDE TECHNIQUE FOR THE STUDY OF FUNGI AND ACTINOMYCETES IN SOIL WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. F. Chinn
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Penicillium Notatum ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Stachybotrys Atra ◽  
Slide Technique ◽  
Germ Tubes

A slide technique suitable for studying the behavior of fungi and actinomycetes both qualitatively and quantitatively in soil is described. Besides Helminthosporium sativum, eight other fungi and one actinomycete were used to demonstrate the applicability of the method which was used for both natural and soybean meal amended soils. In the natural soil spores of Penicillium notatum, Stachybotrys atra, and the actinomycete only germinated. However, lysis or disintegration of the germ tubes of the two fungi was observed on the fourth day. Growth of the actinomycete was continuous to at least the seventh day. In the amended soil only one fungus failed to germinate. Of those that germinated, only Fusarium culmorum and the actinomycete were capable of continued growth and sporulation. Lysis or disintegration of the germ tubes of the others was noticed on the fourth day.

scholarly journals Winter Wheat Straw Decomposition under Different Nitrogen Fertilizers

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mühlbachová ◽  
Pavel Růžek ◽  
Helena Kusá ◽  
Radek Vavera ◽  
Martin Káš
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Rainy Weather ◽  
N Fertilisers

The climate changes and increased drought frequency still more frequent in recent periods bring challenges to management with wheat straw remaining in the field after harvest and to its decomposition. The field experiment carried out in 2017–2019 in the Czech Republic aimed to evaluate winter wheat straw decomposition under different organic and mineral nitrogen fertilizing (urea, pig slurry and digestate with and without inhibitors of nitrification (IN)). Treatment Straw 1 with fertilizers was incorporated in soil each year the first day of experiment. The Straw 2 was placed on soil surface at the same day as Straw 1 and incorporated together with fertilizers after 3 weeks. The Straw 1 decomposition in N treatments varied between 25.8–40.1% and in controls between 21.5–33.1% in 2017–2019. The Straw 2 decomposition varied between 26.3–51.3% in N treatments and in controls between 22.4–40.6%. Higher straw decomposition in 2019 was related to more rainy weather. The drought observed mainly in 2018 led to the decrease of straw decomposition and to the highest contents of residual mineral nitrogen in soils. The limited efficiency of N fertilisers on straw decomposition under drought showed a necessity of revision of current strategy of N treatments and reduction of N doses adequately according the actual weather conditions.

Evaluation of Spring and Winter Wheat Reaction to Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium avenaceum

1997 ◽  
Vol 145 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wojciechowski ◽  
J. Chelkowski ◽  
A. Ponitka ◽  
A. Šlusarkiewicz-Jarzina
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Fusarium Avenaceum

Response of winter wheat to prolonged waterlogging under outdoor conditions

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Belford
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Nodal Root ◽  
Waterlogging Treatment

SUMMARYThe response of winter wheat cv. Maris Huntsman to waterlogging was studied in two experiments in soil columns outdoors. Winter waterlogging treatments increased nodal root production and the proportion of aerenchyma within roots, but caused chlorosis and premature senescence of leaves, and decreased tillering. For all treatments, grain losses were much less than expected from the extent of tiller loss in winter; losses after single waterlogging events ranged from 2% (after 47 days with the water-table at 5 cm) to 16% (after 80 days with the water-table at the soil surface). Yield losses after three waterloggings at the seedling, tillering and stem elongation stages of growth were additive, and totalled 19%. In many treatments, grain loss was associated with lighter individual grain weights, suggesting that the size of the root system or efficiency of water and nutrient uptake by roots at the later stages of growth may have been less after earlier waterlogging. The importance of nitrogen fertilizer in maintaining a satisfactory plant nitrogen status was shown when nitrogen was with held before a 3-week waterlogging treatment during stem elongation; tiller and floret survival was subsequently greatly restricted and grain yields decreased 22% below those of plants waterlogged at the same stage of growth but supplied with nitrogen.

scholarly journals VARIABILITY AND GENETIC CONTROL OF WINTER WHEAT RESISTANCE TO WINTER

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
M. E. Mukhordova
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dispersion Analysis ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
Recessive Genes ◽  
Siberian Research Institute ◽  
Soft Winter Wheat ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Additive Genes

Winterhardiness is regarded as a parameter controlled by the activities performed by a large number of genes. In diallel crossbreeding, a researcher has complete combinations of genes that parental varieties possess. The paper analyses additivity and dominance of the crossbreeding population. It allows to assess the contribution made by the main types of gene interactions to parameter expression by decomposing the genotypic variant into a general and specific combination ability. The research aims at exploring the variability of winterhardiness of soft winter wheat and determining the system of genetic determination of this indicator. The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture in Omsk in 2013-2014. The varieties and hybrids of F1 had triple sowing. The area of plant nutrition was 10 x 20 (cm2). The coulisse fallow was forecrop. The authors explored six samples of soft winter wheat and 30 F1 diallel hybrids. They observed reliable differences among genotypes according to “winterhardiness” parameter (P ≤ 0.05). Variability of this parameter is specified by meteorological conditions (95.07%) and determined by means of two-factor dispersion analysis. The authors used Heiman’s figures in order to evaluate and explore the genetic features of winter wheat winterhardiness (relationship between Wr and Vr - covariance and variant) and genetic parameters. The OCS effect was high (P<0.05), therefore, additive genes played an important role in the features heritability. The effect of SCS was high and reliable as well. Positive correlation values (r (2013) = 0.81 and (r (2014) = 0.19) among the average parental values (P) and (Wr + Vr) indicate that their dominance is indirect and recessive genes may increase winterhardiness. The average dominance parameter was higher than 1. This proves the great contribution of nonadditive genes to possessing winterhardiness. Selection of unique genotypes with strong winterhardiness is supposed to occur in older generations of hybrids (F4 - F6). The Zhemchuzhina Povolzhya variety can become a donor in stressful conditions of overwintering (OCS effect is 13.33), in favorable conditions – Fantasia variety (OCS=12.69).

Farming systems and conservation needs in the Northwest Wheat Region

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.I. Papendick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
No Till

AbstractThe Northwest Wheat Region is a contiguous belt of 3.3 million ha in Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Its climate varies from subhumid (<650 mm annual precipitation) to semiarid (<350 mm), with more than 60% of the annual precipitation occurring during the winter. Winter wheat yields range from a high of 8 t/ha in the wetter zones to a low of 1.5 t/ha in the drier zones. Winter wheat is grown in rotation with spring cereals and pulses where annual precipitation exceeds 450 mm; winter wheat-fallow prevails where annual precipitation is less than 330 mm. Tillage practices are designed to maximize infiltration and retention of water through soil surface and crop residue management. Because of the combination of winter precipitation, steep topography, and winter wheat cropping, much of the region is subject to a severe water erosion hazard, accentuated by freeze-thaw cycles that increase surface runoff and weaken the soil structure. Wind erosion is a major problem in the drier zones, where cover is less and soils are higher in sand. Residue management, primarily through reduced tillage and no-till systems, is the first defense against both wind and water erosion, but yields often are higher with conventional intensive ti llage. Factors that limit yields with conservation farming include weed and disease problems and th e lack of suitable tillage and seeding equipment. Conservation strategies must shift from relying on traditional tillage methods to development of complete no-till systems. Spring cropping as a replacement for winter wheat also needs to be investigated. In some cases, tillage for water conservation must be made compatible with tillage for erosion control.

RECOVERY IN WHEAT FROM EARLY INFECTIONS BY HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND FUSARIUM CULMORUM

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Sallans
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Early Seedling

The tendency of wheat plants to recover from initial stunting by Helminthosporium sativum and Fusarium culmorum was studied under field conditions by comparing areas of the successively formed leaves of the main culm. The yields of grain were taken as the over-all measure of the influence of disease on the plants.H. sativum when applied to seed caused significant reduction in areas of the first and second leaves of the seedlings. Successive leaves were progressively larger in relation to those of the uninoculated plants. The two varieties in the experiment were about equally stunted in the early seedling stage. Reward made a notable recovery as indicated by increased areas of the later leaves and a substantially greater yield of grain than in the controls. Thatcher made only a partial recovery and its yield of grain was slightly depressed.F. culmorum produced less stunting than H. sativum in seedling leaves, and recovery as indicated in the later leaves was less marked though significant.H. sativum and F. culmorum on the same plants caused more initial stunting of leaves followed by greater recovery than with either fungus alone.

Influence of Soil Type and Depth of Planting on Downy Brome Seed

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Wicks ◽  
O. C. Burnside ◽  
C. R. Fenster
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) seedling emergence was greatest from soil depths of 1 inch or less, but occasionally seedlings emerged from depths of 4 inches. Downy brome seed covered by soil germinated more rapidly than those seed on the soil surface. More downy brome seedlings emerged, and from greater depths, from coarse-textured soils than fine-textured soils when moisture was not limiting. Soil type did not influence longevity of downy brome seed buried in the soil. Most (98%) 8-month-old downy brome seed buried 8 inches in the soil germinated but did not emerge in 1 year; and none remained viable in the soil after 5 years. The moldboard plow was more effective in reducing downy brome populations than a sweep plow or one-way disk in a continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cropping system.

scholarly journals Influence of Soil Background on Spectral Reflectance of Winter Wheat Crop Canopy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 1932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Prudnikova ◽  
Igor Savin ◽  
Gretelerika Vindeker ◽  
Praskovia Grubina ◽  
Ekaterina Shishkonakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Winter Wheat Crop ◽  
Type Factor

The spectral reflectance of crop canopy is a spectral mixture, which includes soil background as one of the components. However, as soil is characterized by substantial spatial variability and temporal dynamics, its contribution to the spectral reflectance of crops will also vary. The aim of the research was to determine the impact of soil background on spectral reflectance of crop canopy in visible and near-infrared parts of the spectrum at different stages of crop development and how the soil type factor and the dynamics of soil surface affect vegetation indices calculated for crop assessment. The study was conducted on three test plots with winter wheat located in the Tula region of Russia and occupied by three contrasting types of soil. During field trips, information was collected on the spectral reflectance of winter wheat crop canopy, winter wheat leaves, weeds and open soil surface for three phenological phases (tillering, shooting stage, milky ripeness). The assessment of the soil contribution to the spectral reflectance of winter wheat crop canopy was based on a linear spectral mixture model constructed from field data. This showed that the soil background effect is most pronounced in the regions of 350–500 nm and 620–690 nm. In the shooting stage, the contribution of the soil prevails in the 620–690 nm range of the spectrum and the phase of milky ripeness in the region of 350–500 nm. The minimum contribution at all stages of winter wheat development was observed at wavelengths longer than 750 nm. The degree of soil influence varies with soil type. Analysis of variance showed that normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was least affected by soil type factor, the influence of which was about 30%–50%, depending on the stage of winter wheat development. The influence of soil type on soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI2) was approximately equal and varied from 60% (shooting phase) to 80% (tillering phase). According to the discriminant analysis, the ability of vegetation indices calculated for winter wheat crop canopy to distinguish between winter wheat crops growing on different soil types changed from the classification accuracy of 94.1% (EVI2) in the tillering stage to 75% (EVI2 and SAVI) in the shooting stage to 82.6% in the milky ripeness stage (EVI2, SAVI, NDVI). The range of the sensitivity of the vegetation indices to the soil background depended on soil type. The indices showed the greatest sensitivity on gray forest soil when the wheat was in the phase of milky ripeness, and on leached chernozem when the wheat was in the tillering phase. The observed patterns can be used to develop vegetation indices, invariant to second-type soil variations caused by soil type factor, which can be applied for the remote assessment of the state of winter wheat crops.

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