Metallographic Investigation of the Intrinsic Heat Treatment in the Additive Manufacturing of the Steel X40CrMoV5-1

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 304-320
Author(s):  
M. Hunkel ◽  
F. Walter ◽  
M. Rickers
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Metallographic Investigation

The Simulation of Post-Heat Treatment in Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. Li ◽  
X. X. Yao ◽  
Y. F. Wang ◽  
X. Gao ◽  
Z. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Selective Laser Melting ◽  
Laser Melting ◽  
Post Heat Treatment

Microstructure evolution induced by the intrinsic heat treatment occurring during wire-arc additive manufacturing of an Al-Mg-Zn-Cu crossover alloy

2021 ◽  
pp. 130500
Author(s):  
Thomas Klein ◽  
Gloria Graf ◽  
Peter Staron ◽  
Andreas Stark ◽  
Helmut Clemens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Microstructure Evolution ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

scholarly journals Studies of Post-Fabrication Heat Treatment of L-PBF-Inconel 718: Effects of Hold Time on Microstructure, Annealing Twins, and Hardness

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
Wakshum M. Tucho ◽  
Vidar Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Solid Solution ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Inconel 718 ◽  
Solution Heat Treatment ◽  
Hold Time ◽  
Powder Bed Fusion ◽  
Powder Bed ◽  
Annealing Twins ◽  
Complete Recrystallization

The widely adopted temperature for solid solution heat treatment (ST) for the conventionally fabricated Inconel 718 is 1100 °C for a hold time of 1 h or less. This ST scheme is, however, not enough to dissolve Laves and annihilate dislocations completely in samples fabricated with Laser metal powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM)-Inconel 718. Despite this, the highest hardness obtained after aging for ST temperatures (970–1250 °C) is at 1100 °C/1 as we have ascertained in our previous studies. The unreleased residual stresses in the retained lattice defects potentially affect other properties of the material. Hence, this work aims to investigate if a longer hold time of ST at 1100 °C will lead to complete recrystallization while maintaining the hardness after aging or not. For this study, L-PBF-Inconel 718 samples were ST at 1100 °C at various hold times (1, 3, 6, 9, 16, or 24 h) and aged to study the effects on microstructure and hardness. In addition, a sample was directly aged to study the effects of bypassing ST. The samples (ST and aged) gain hardness by 43–49%. The high density of annealing twins evolved during 3 h of ST and only slightly varies for longer ST.

scholarly journals Additive Manufacturing of Ti-Based Intermetallic Alloys: A Review and Conceptualization of a Next-Generation Machine

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4317
Author(s):  
Thywill Cephas Dzogbewu ◽  
Willie Bouwer du Preez
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Complex Geometries ◽  
Intermetallic Alloys ◽  
Tial Alloys ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
In Situ Heat Treatment

TiAl-based intermetallic alloys have come to the fore as the preferred alloys for high-temperature applications. Conventional methods (casting, forging, sheet forming, extrusion, etc.) have been applied to produce TiAl intermetallic alloys. However, the inherent limitations of conventional methods do not permit the production of the TiAl alloys with intricate geometries. Additive manufacturing technologies such as electron beam melting (EBM) and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), were used to produce TiAl alloys with complex geometries. EBM technology can produce crack-free TiAl components but lacks geometrical accuracy. LPBF technology has great geometrical precision that could be used to produce TiAl alloys with tailored complex geometries, but cannot produce crack-free TiAl components. To satisfy the current industrial requirement of producing crack-free TiAl alloys with tailored geometries, the paper proposes a new heating model for the LPBF manufacturing process. The model could maintain even temperature between the solidified and subsequent layers, reducing temperature gradients (residual stress), which could eliminate crack formation. The new conceptualized model also opens a window for in situ heat treatment of the built samples to obtain the desired TiAl (γ-phase) and Ti3Al (α2-phase) intermetallic phases for high-temperature operations. In situ heat treatment would also improve the homogeneity of the microstructure of LPBF manufactured samples.

The effect of phase transformations in the process of electrom-beam 3D-printing and post-built heat treatment on the peculiarities of plastic deformation and fracture of high nitrogen Cr-Mn steel

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
E.G. Astafurova ◽  
◽  
K.A. Reunova ◽  
S.V. Astafurov ◽  
M.Yu. Panchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Deformation And Fracture

We investigated the phase composition, plastic deformation and fracture micromechanisms of Fe-(25-26)Cr-(5-12)Mn-0.15C-0.55N (wt. %) high-nitrogen chromium-manganese steel. Obtained by the method of electron-beam 3D-printing (additive manufacturing) and subjected to a heat treatment (at a temperature of 1150°C following by quenching). To establish the effect of the electron-beam 3D-printing process on the phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of high-nitrogen steel, a comparison was made with the data for Fe-21Cr-22Mn-0.15C-0.53N austenitic steel (wt. %) obtained by traditional methods (casting and heat treatment) and used as a raw material for additive manufacturing. It was experimentally established that in the specimens obtained by additive manufacturing method, depletion of the steel composition by manganese in the electron-beam 3D-printing and post-built heat treatment contributes to the formation of a macroscopically and microscopically inhomogeneous two-phase structure. In the steel specimens, macroscopic regions of irregular shape with large ferrite grains or a two-phase austenite-ferrite structure (microscopic inhomogeneity) were observed. Despite the change in the concentration of the basic elements (chromium and manganese) in additive manufacturing, a high concentration of interstitial atoms (nitrogen and carbon) remains in steel. This contributes to the macroscopically heterogeneous distribution of interstitial atoms in the specimens - the formation of a supersaturated interstitial solid solution in the austenitic regions due to the low solubility of nitrogen and carbon in the ferrite regions. This inhomogeneous heterophase (ferrite-austenite) structure has high strength properties, good ductility and work hardening, which are close to those of the specimens of the initial high-nitrogen austenitic steel used as the raw material for additive manufacturing.

scholarly journals Characterisation of a High-Performance Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy Designed for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo J. Morais ◽  
Bianca Gomes ◽  
Pedro Santos ◽  
Manuel Gomes ◽  
Rudolf Gradinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Cold Metal Transfer ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Ever-increasing demands of industrial manufacturing regarding mechanical properties require the development of novel alloys designed towards the respective manufacturing process. Here, we consider wire arc additive manufacturing. To this end, Al alloys with additions of Zn, Mg and Cu have been designed considering the requirements of good mechanical properties and limited hot cracking susceptibility. The samples were produced using the cold metal transfer pulse advanced (CMT-PADV) technique, known for its ability to produce lower porosity parts with smaller grain size. After material simulations to determine the optimal heat treatment, the samples were solution heat treated, quenched and aged to enhance their mechanical performance. Chemical analysis, mechanical properties and microstructure evolution were evaluated using optical light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis and X-ray radiography, as well as tensile, fatigue and hardness tests. The objective of this research was to evaluate in detail the mechanical properties and microstructure of the newly designed high-performance Al–Zn-based alloy before and after ageing heat treatment. The only defects found in the parts built under optimised conditions were small dispersed porosities, without any visible cracks or lack of fusion. Furthermore, the mechanical properties are superior to those of commercial 7xxx alloys and remarkably independent of the testing direction (parallel or perpendicular to the deposit beads). The presented analyses are very promising regarding additive manufacturing of high-strength aluminium alloys.

Binder jetting additive manufacturing of 420 stainless steel: Densification during sintering and effect of heat treatment on microstructure and hardness

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 592-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim Sufiiarov ◽  
Igor Polozov ◽  
Artem Kantykov ◽  
Aleksandr Khaidorov
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Binder Jetting
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