scholarly journals Study of morphological changes in the kidney during modeling of ischemic-reperfusion injuries of the limb and massive blood loss

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
N. V. Volotovska
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Combat Trauma ◽  
Acute Ischemia ◽  
Massive Blood Loss ◽  
Ischemic Reperfusion ◽  
White Rats

The article presents the features of morphological disorders of liver tissue on the background of limb ischemia-reperfusion and massive blood loss. The aim of the work was to establish the presence of structural changes and the severity of morphological disorders of internal organs, remote from the primary place of ischemia-reperfusion during modeling the pathological process. The experiment was performed on 33 adult nonlinear white rats weighing 200-250 g, which were on the standard vivarium diet. Experimental animals were simulated with ischemic-reperfusion syndrome of the lower extremity and massive blood loss. Collection of materials was performed 1 h after intervention or release from the tourniquet and on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days. All interventions were performed under thiopental-sodium anesthesia (40 mg/kg body weight). Mostly structural violations were expressed as disturbance of blood supply of little and middle caliber blood vessels and also in initial dystrophic changes. During comparison of groups, depending on the severity, it was shown that both the isolated use of a tourniquet and massive blood loss had long-term, systemic consequences, however, more expressed in EG-2; single vascular glomeruli were shrunked, endothelial cells of arterioles were slightly damaged. On the 7th and 14th days changes in the structure of EG-1 were mostly absent, although in EG-2 the epitheliocytes of the outer layer of the capsule remained flattened, retained full blood vessels of the venous bed in the interstitium, and the vast majority of epitheliocytes of the excretory tubules were at different stages of hydropic dystrophy with partly desquamation of the epithelium in the gaps of the tubules. Also, the basal membranes of the tubules were not completely visualized, which indicates deep damage in the structures caused by acute ischemia as a result of bleeding. Thus, as combat trauma (blood loss) is in itself a life-threatening factor, the use of a tourniquet due to the development of ischemic-reperfusion process can complicate the course of the primary affection. Knowledge of the periodization of traumatic disease on the background of this pathology is important for the development of sanogenic effects in order to minimize this pathogenic factor.

scholarly journals Structural changes in skeletal muscles of the hind limbs of rats in acute ischemia-reperfusion and its correction by carbacetam, detected by polarization microscopy

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
T. O. Veresiuk ◽  
P. R. Selskyy ◽  
A. T. Televiak
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Acute Ischemia ◽  
Polarization Microscopy ◽  
Early Reperfusion ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Reperfusion Period ◽  
Muscle Remodeling

Arterial tourniquets are used in clinical practice for angioplasty and arthroplasty, and in case of limb injuries, their use often occurs according to vital signs. After removing the tourniquet and blood supply restoration to the limb arises a multifactorial lesion of tissues both ischemic and distant from the site of ischemia. A number of publications have been devoted to the study of morphological disorders in muscle tissue in acute ischemia-reperfusion in the medical literature. However, the researches for effective means for drug correction of these disorders still continues. The aim of the study was to explore peculiarities of skeletal muscle remodeling of the hind limbs of rats, detected by polarization microscopy, in acute ischemia-reperfusion, caused by the application of an arterial tourniquet, and in the correction of reperfusion disorders by carbacetam. Microscopic examination of histological sections of skeletal muscles of the hind limbs of 60 rats below the site of application of the tourniquet under conditions of experimental acute ischemia-reperfusion was performed. Acute ischemia for all animals was caused by application of SWAT rubber bands on the hind limbs of animals, 5–6 mm in width, at the inguinal fold level within 2 hours under thiopental anesthesia. A reperfusion was modeled by removing the tourniquet. Half of the experimental animals in the reperfusion period for the purpose of correction intraperitoneally was administered the nootropic drug 1-oxo-3.3.6-trimethyl-1.2.3.4-tetrahydroindolo[2.3-c]quinoline (carbacetam) at a dose of 5 mg per kilogram of body weight once a day during the entire reperfusion period. The histological specimens of the skeletal muscles were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and were examined with a light microscope with polarization nozzle. Studies with using the polarization microscopy have shown that in the early reperfusion period morphological criteria for skeletal muscle remodeling expressed by deformation and anisotropy of muscle fibers, disappearance of their transverse striation, cracks and ruptures of fibers, and in the most severe cases there were signs of necrosis of the fibers with their fragmentation into separate lumps. Subject to the correction of reperfusion disorders by carbacetam, there is a decrease in the degree of damage and consistent acceleration of restoration of the skeletal muscles structure, which was the most pronounced in groups of animals with reperfusion terms after 1 and 14 days. Complex of features indicates, that at the tissue level the administration of carbacetam as reduces the ischemic-reperfusion lesion of the muscular fibers, as also accelerates the mechanisms of reparative rhabdomyohistogenesis. Thus, structural changes in the skeletal muscles of the limb after two-hour ischemia and subsequent reperfusion increased in the early reperfusion period and reached its peak after 1 day of reperfusion, and in the late period of reperfusion their reverse development took place. With the correction of disorders by carbacetam, the degree of damage was reduced and the recovery of the skeletal muscle structure of the limb was accelerated.

scholarly journals Catalase activity as signal of antioxydant system affection under influence of limb ischemia-reperfusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Nataliya Volotovska
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Loss ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Mechanical Injury ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Mechanical Trauma ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ischemic Reperfusion

The use of hemostatic tourniquet is a proved means of primary care. However, systemic disorders, as well as ultrastructural, in the area of compression can significantly worsen the condition of the injured organism. The aim. Estimation of catalase level in rats’ liver on the background of modifications of ischemic-reperfusion syndrome to know the severest pathogenic combination for organism. Materials and methods. 260 white adult male rats were divided into 5 groups: control (KG), EG1 – simulation of isolated ischemia-reperfusion syndrome (IRS) of the limb, EG2 – simulation of isolated volumetric blood loss, EG3 – combination of IRS of the limb with blood loss, EG4 – simulation of isolated mechanical injury of the thigh, EG5 – combination of IRS of the limb and mechanical injury. The variability of catalase level in liver was analyzed. Results. It was found that each of the experimental interventions has led to changes of catalase activity in the liver. The most expressed pathological expressions were observed on the 3rd after interventions, when the studied index in EG3 was lower than in EG1 and EG2 in 6,2 times and by 33,1 %. On the 7th day catalase activity in EG3 was in 9,4 times and by 44,5 % times lower than in EG1 and in EG2 data concordantly. The combination of limb ischemia-reperfusion with blood loss in EG3 led to exhausting of liver antioxydant enzyme catalase in the most critical posttraumatic period (day 3). The same, but less significant effect was registered in the group of combination of mechanical trauma with ischemia-reperfusion in EG5. This proved the role of the tourniquet as a factor that complicated the course of traumatic disease due to ischemic reperfusion. Conclusions. In this experiment, founded risk factors of combination of ischemia-reperfusion with heavy blood loss emphasized the importance and particular attention on such widespread method of bleeding tratment, as the imposition of a tourniquet, as in our experiment it triggered risk factors of ischemia-reperfusion. It was shown katalase activity depression respectively to the periods of increasing of lipid peroxydation. There was peculiarity, that on the base of isolated IRS catalase activity was increased in 2,5 times comparely to control group, whereas the hardest depression of it was found on the background of IRS, combined with blood loss – catalase activity was lower, comparely to KG – in 2,5 times. The importance of understanding the suppression of hepatocytes’ antyoxydants is great, as it might help in prevention the development of liver failure or hepatorenal syndrome on the background of limb ischemia-reperfusion.

scholarly journals Therapeutic effect of thiocetam on the manifestations of ischemia-reperfusion complicated by massive blood loss and mechanical trauma

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 382-393
Author(s):  
Nataliya Volotovska
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
White Male ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Mechanical Trauma ◽  
Massive Blood Loss ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Positive Effect

Among the current medical and social problems, injuries and blood loss occupy a prominent place, causing stress on the antioxidant defenses. Hypoxia, which underlies the pathogenesis of the post-traumatic period of both diseases, leads to a significant imbalance in the work of internal organs. Scientists are increasingly attracted by the need to use a tourniquet or intraoperative ligatures, as reperfusion local and systemic damage develops. Antioxidants are considered a promising means of correction.The aim of the study was to investigate the features of metabolic disorders in the liver in the early post-traumatic period on the background of the use of a tourniquet and the effectiveness of thiocetam correction.Materials and methods. The experiment was perfomed on 130 white male rats (200-250 g), which were divided into 4 groups: control – the CG, the EG-1 – combination of limb ischemia-reperfusion (IR) with blood loss, the EG-2 – combination of limb IR with blood loss and mechanical trauma of the thigh; the EG-3 combination of limb IR, blood loss, mechanical injury and thiocetam administration. The Malonic dialdehide level catalase activity were estimated in the liver.Results. The use of thiocetam, which is able to struggle against of ischemia and lipid peroxidation by reactivating antiradical enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, had a positive effect on the state of antioxidant and prooxidant units in the organ, located far from the place of primary ischemia-reperfusion. If in the group of untrated animals (the EG-2, where massive blood loss was combined with a thigh fracture and the use of hemostatic tourniquet) in the early period, the MDA level exceeded the CG data in 5,4 times, and on the 7th and 14th days remained high – being higher on 2,1 times and on 2,7 times, then in the EG-3 (group of treated animals) on the 1st day the level of MDA exceeded the CG data in 4,3 times, but on the 7th and 14th days was higher by 90,5 % and 64 % respectively. The supportive effect of thiocetam on the activity of catalase in the liver was also noted. Thus, in EG-2 the level of antioxidant enzyme on the 1st day decreased by 71,7 %, and remained almost at this level throughout the all post-experimental period. As for the group of treated animals, the level of activity on the 1st day after the intervention decreased by 44,7%, and was so for almost the entire period. On the 14th day, it remained reduced compared to the CG by 35,1 %, while in EG-2 this index was lower compared to the CG by 70,5 %.Conclusion. Having the positive effect of the introduction of thiocetam in the ischemic area, we can eventually add new complex, given the world experience, which would affect the development of the inflammatory response and the rheological properties of blood.

MORPHOLOGICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF CREATING A BILATERAL MODEL OF ISCHEMIA- REPERFUSION

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
В. В. Елагин ◽  
Д. А. Костина ◽  
О. И. Братчиков ◽  
Т. Г. Покровская ◽  
С. Л. Кузнецов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Renal Corpuscle ◽  
Bilateral Model

Цель - выявить и изучить степень выраженности морфологических изменений структур коркового и мозгового вещества почки на фоне смоделированной билатеральной модели ишемии-реперфузии. Материал и методы. Эксперименты проведены на 50 крысах-самцах линии Вистар массой 180-220 г. Моделирование билатеральной модели ишемии-реперфузии проводилось путем наложения атравматичных зажимов на обе почечные ножки на 40 мин. Через 24 или 72 ч реперфузии проводили оценку выраженности структурных изменений в корковом и мозговом веществе почки с использованием гистологических и морфометрических методик. Измеряли высоту эпителиоцитов в проксимальном и дистальном извитых канальцах нефрона, площадь поперечного сечения почечного тельца, клубочка и капсулярного пространства. Результаты. Полученные морфологические изменения в виде нарушения структурности эпителия как в корковом, так и в мозговом веществе почки на 1-е сутки эксперимента имеют тенденцию к увеличению степени их выраженности. К 3-м суткам эксперимента наиболее выраженные реактивно-деструктивные изменения визуализируются в реабсорбционносекреторных отделах нефрона, которые проявляются в виде снижения высоты эпителиоцитов проксимальных и дистальных канальцев, отслоением их от базальной мембраны и слущиванием. Усугубление схожей морфологической картины происходило в собирательных трубках, в просветах которых определялись конгломераты из отслоившихся от базальной мембраны погибших клеток эпителия. Выявленные реактивно-деструктивные изменения в почках морфологически обосновывают адекватность создания модели ишемии-реперфузии. Выводы. 40-минутная билатеральная ишемия почек с последующей реперфузией в течение 1-3 сут приводит к выраженным структурным изменениям в почках, что соответствует характеристике острого почечного повреждения. Objective - to identify and study the severity of morphological changes in the structures of the renal cortex and medulla in the bilateral model of ischemia-reperfusion. Material and methods. The experiments were performed on 50 male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 grams. A bilateral ischemia-reperfusion was modelled by applying atraumatic clamps to both kidney pedicles for 40 minutes. After 24 or 72 hours of reperfusion, the severity of structural changes in the renal cortex and medulla was assessed using histological and morphometric techniques. The height of epithelial cells in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron, the cross-sectional area of the renal corpuscle, glomerulus and capsular space were measured. Results. Severe structural changes in the renal tissue affecting both the tubular and glomerular apparatus of the kidneys were found, with the increase in pathological changes from the first to the third days of the experiment in the form of a decrease in the epithelial height of the distal and proximal tubules, as well as a decrease in the area of the renal corpuscle and vascular glomerulus. The morphological changes in the form of a structural damage of the epithelium of both renal cortex and medulla were detected on the 1st day of the experiment, and they tend to increase their severity. By the 3rd day of the experiment, the most pronounced reactive-destructive changes were visualized in the reabsorption-secretory sections of the nephron. They were manifested as a decrease in the height of the proximal and distal tubule epithelial cells, their exfoliation from the basement membrane and desquamation. The similar but more aggravated morphological picture was seen in collecting tubes, where conglomerates of dead epithelial cells exfoliated from the basement membrane were found in the gaps. The revealed reactive-destructive changes in the kidneys morphologically substantiate the adequacy of creating a model of ischemia-reperfusion. Conclusions. A 40-minute bilateral renal ischemia followed by reperfusion leads to severe structural changes in the kidneys in 1-3 days, which corresponds to a characteristic of acute renal damage.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of cytolytic syndrome development with associated injury of the abdominal organs and massive blood loss in the experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
I. V. Kuzminskyi ◽  
V. K. Grodetskyi ◽  
H. Yu. Thymbalyuk
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Massive Bleeding ◽  
Abdominal Injury ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Massive Blood Loss ◽  
Abdominal Organs ◽  
Thiopental Sodium

The function of the organs responsible for detoxification processes, in particular the liver, deserves a special role in the conditions of combined trauma. It is proved that ischemia-reperfusion of the limb caused by the imposition of a tourniquet, is the cause of significant toxemia. Under such conditions, it becomes clear that the detoxification function may be impaired, especially against the background of blunt combined trauma to the abdominal organs complicated by massive bleeding. Changes in the detoxification function of the liver are indicated by markers of the cytolytic syndrome. However, there is no clear understanding of how ischemia - limb reperfusion affects the development of cytolytic syndrome.Objective of research: to study the effect of massive blood loss associated with ischemia-reperfusion of the limb on the cytolytic syndrome indicators in case of injury of the abdominal organs.  Materials and methods. 100 mature albino male Wistar rats with the body weight of 190-220 grams kept on standard vivarium forage were used in the experiment. The animals were divided into the control and 3 research groups (containing 10 animals each). Arresting bleeding tourniquet was applied proximally on the lower limbs of rats from the first research group for 120 minutes under thiopental-sodium anesthesia (40 mg/kg-1), which caused development of ischemic-reperfusion.  Closed abdominal injury was simulated by means of delivering two dosed blows in the region of the abdominal cavity in the second research group; massive blood loss was simulated by means of cutting the femoral vessels and bloodletting from 25 to 30 % of the circulating blood volume in the group. Injuries from the first two groups were combined in the third group. The control group of animals received anesthesia without formation of any injuries. With the aim to determine alterations of cytolytic syndrome the activity of enzymes – markers of cytolytic syndrome ALT and AST were determined by means of a unified method.  The animals of the research groups were removed from the experiment under thiopental-sodium anesthesia by means of the total bloodletting from the heart.Results. Analysis of the results of the study found that cytolytic syndrome develops irrespective of the kind of injuries simulated. Thus, even during a day of post-traumatic period ALT and AST activity increases which is clearly registered in all the three research groups. Further destruction of cellular membranes increases till the 3rd day, which is manifested by a considerable increase of ALT and AST activity in the blood serum. This process continues till the 7th day. A tendency to ALT and AST decrease is observed only in the 1st group on the 7th day. Comparison of the 2nd and 3rd research groups within the time interval enables to understand that application of tourniquets on the limbs of animals with closed abdominal injury and massive bleeding deteriorates cytolytic processes.Conclusions: Simulated injuries in the research groups were associated with the occurrence of cytolytic processes possessing a tendency to develop in the period of early signs of traumatic disease.  Ischemic-reperfusion syndrome of the limbs accelerates considerably the development of systemic changes with abdominal injuries and hypovolemic shock, which was manifested by a considerable increase of ALT and AST parameters in the group with abdominal trauma and massive blood loss and becoming higher than that of the control in end of the experiment.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES LARGE JOINTS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES UNDER COMBINED ABDOMINO-SKELETAL INJURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
V.O. Kryliuk ◽  
S.V. Garian
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
White Male ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Skeletal Trauma ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Reactive Changes

To study the effect of limb reperfusion in a model of combined abdominal-skeletal trauma and massive blood loss on histological changes of the knee joints. The experiment used 40 adult white male Wistar rats weighing 190-220 g, which were on a standard diet of vivarium. The experimental animals who modeled closed abdominal trauma, skeletal trauma, massive external blood loss, and ischemia-reperfusion of the lower extremities. The studies were performed 21 days after trauma modeling. All trauma experiments were performed under thiopental sodium (40 mg·kg-1 mass). The closed femoral bone fracture was modeled by applying a single metered blow to a specially designed thigh device. Closed trauma to the abdominal organs was modeled by applying two metered blows to the abdominal cavity with a specially designed device. Massive external blood loss was modeled by blood flow from 20 to 22 % of circulating blood volume from the femoral vessels on the opposite side of the femur fracture. Lower limb ischemia­reperfusion was simulated by imposing hemostatic plaits on the proximal portions of the lower legs of the test animals for two hours. In the preparations of the tissues of the hip and knee joint tissue reactive changes characteristic of inflammatory processes was found: pronounced changes in the hyaline cartilage of the metepiphyseal plate of the joints, edema of the connective tissue, disruption of the ordered arrangement of the insert plates of the compact part of the bone, significant vascular disorders in the form of arteries, edema of the adventitious sheath of vessels was noted. Thus, it was determined that combined trauma combined with ischemia reperfusion of the lower extremities in the later periods after the traumatic period can cause reactive changes in the large joints of the lower extremities.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Modeled Superoxide Dismutase Coordination Compound (MSODa) Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Skeletal Muscle

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-Tao Wang ◽  
Ye Tian ◽  
Wen-Xiao Xu ◽  
Li-Huang Cui ◽  
Shou-Yang Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Coordination Compound ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Protective Effects

Background/Aim: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of skeletal muscles is common pathophysiology during surgeries and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays a critical role in this process. SOD-modeled coordination compound (MSODa) may simulate the protective effects as SOD. Methods: Therefore, this study was designed to explore the protective effects and underlying mechanism of MSODa on malondialdehyde (MDA) and integrin-β2 (CD11b/CD18) in plasma, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in tissue, and morphological changes before and after I/R injury. The rat model of I/R in hind limb was established and randomly divided into sham, ischemia, I/R, I/R-treated with saline, SOD, and MSODa, respectively. Results: These results showed that averaged values for MDA, MPO, CD11b/CD18, and ICAM-1 were significantly increased (P < 0.01 vs ischemia alone) in a time-dependent fashion along with marked tissue remodeling, such as abnormal arrangement of muscular fibers, interstitial edema, vasodilation with no-reflow, inflammatory cells adherent and infiltration, structural changes in mitochondrial, and decrease in glycogens as well. However, all parameter changes induced by I/R injury were reversed, at least partially, by MSODa and SOD treatments and intriguingly, the beneficial/protective effects of MSODa was superior to SOD with an early onset. Conclusion: This novel finding demonstrates that MSODa improves I/R injury of skeletal muscles due at least partially to inhibition of adherent molecule expression and reduction of oxygen free radical formation during I/R pathophysiological processes and this protective action of MSODa was superior to SOD, highlighting the bright future for MSODa in clinical management of tissue I/R injury.

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