scholarly journals Character and features of morphofunctional reactions of renal vessels in rats at chronic poisoning with acetylsalicylic acid

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
I. Ye. Herasymiuk ◽  
A. H. Korytskyy

The prevalence and availability of aspirin-containing analgesic products makes them sources of unintentional overdose, and even suicidal admission. Therefore, the toxic effect of salicylates is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. In this case, as a rule, the target body is the kidneys. The purpose of the study was to identify the structural changes in the kidneys in the process of chronic poisoning with acetylsalicylic acid. In an experiment on rats using the histological methods of the study, it was found that chronic poisoning with acetylsalicylic acid leads to severe organ disorders in the kidneys, which are manifested in the form of congestive venous plethora with reactive ascending vasoconstriction of the arterial part of the blood route of the organ with a decrease in its throughput. At the same time there was a thickening of the walls of the vessels, which occurred both at the expense of increasing their tone, and due to edema, which was confirmed by the enlightenment of the cytoplasm of the leiomyocytes of the medial cover and an increase in the distance between the nuclei of adjacent layers of the smooth muscle cells. The endothelium of these arteries looked swollen as evidenced by the protrusion of its nuclei into the lumen of the vessels in the form of a “palisade”. Such changes can be considered as a protective reaction that partially prevents hemodynamic overload of the hemomicrocirculatory channel, known in the scientific literature as the reflex of Kitaev. However, in spite of this, in the process of chronic poisoning with acetylsalicylic acid, the complete compensation of blood circulation in the kidneys does not occur. Prolonged vasoconstriction leads to the tissue ischemia, which may be the cause of the development and progression of functional and dystrophic changes in the structural components of the organ parenchyma as a morphological substrate of renal insufficiency. Confirmation of this can be considered the changes in the glomerular apparatus found during the study, which consisted in the gradual reduction of the total area of nephrons with the simultaneous decrease in the area of capillary glomeruli. Moreover, the decrease in the area of capillary glomeruli occurred more intensively, which led to the expansion of urinary spaces. In the final stage of the experiment, the capillary glomeruli were often in collaptoid condition, their size significantly decreased, and the contours became uneven-hilly. Thus, because of the chronic poisoning by acetylsalicylic acid in the kidneys appears stagnant disturbances of the organ circulation, which cause ascending vasoconstriction in the arterial part of the blood stream of the organ, which subsequently leads to ischemia and dystrophic changes in its parenchyma.

Author(s):  
О. А. Моргун ◽  
Н. М. Сорока

Наведено гістологічні зміни у печінці бичків-пісочників, заражених личинками нематоди Eustrongylides exisus. Виявлено патологічний процес та структурні зміни в органі, що характерні для вогнищевого гепатиту. Гепатоцити збільшені в об’ємі, округлої форми, ядро відтиснене до оболонки клітини. Ядра зменшені в об’ємі, неправильної форми (пікноз). Відмічається лізис ядер. В окремих ділянках виявлені клітини Купфера. Помітні лімфоїдно-лейкоцитарні інфільтрати в паренхімі печінки, периваскулярні та ендоваскулярні муфти. У зонах клітинних інфільтратів ядра в гепатоцитах відсутні. Відмічено, що гепатоцити представлені аморфною безструктурною масою. В окремих місцях навколо клітинних інфільтратів виявлено розростання сполучної тканини, що є захисною реакцією організму на наявність личинок нематоди Eustrongylides exisus. In the article we present histological changes in the liver of goby fishes infected by nematodes larvae Eustrongylides exisus. We found out a pathological process and structural changes in an organ that are characteristic for focal hepatitis. Hepatocytes are megascopic in a volume, rounded form, a kernel is pushed back to the shell of cell. Kernels are diminished in a volume, have wrong form (pyknosis). Kupfer’s cells are marked in some areas. Lymphoid-leukocytic infiltrations there are in liver parenchyma, perivascular and endovascular couplings. Kernels in hepatocytes are absent in the areas of cellular infiltrations. We marked that hepatocytes are presented by amorphous structureless mass. We found out excrescence of connecting tissue which is the protective reaction of organism in the presence of nematodes larvae Eustrongylides exisus in some places round cellular infiltrations.


1969 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hawkins ◽  
R. Neal Pinckard ◽  
Irving P. Crawford ◽  
Richard S. Farr

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Tyrel C. Eskelson

The purpose of the paper is to develop the theory that structural or procedural changes in institutions precede changes in education in a society. It examines the development of pre-modern institutions in Western Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries and the influences this had on growth in literacy rates within these states. Literacy rates in Western European countries during the Middle Ages were below twenty percent of the population. For most countries, literacy rates did not experience significant increases until the Enlightenment and industrialization. Two early exceptions to this broad trend were the Netherlands and England, which had achieved literacy rates above fifty percent of their populations by the mid-seventeenth century. The explanations for these divergent trends are the structural changes in formal institutions that embodied capital markets, protected private property, and overall established the initial steps in developing modern political institutions. This created incentives to invest more in schools per capita as well as incentives for a middle class to invest more in literacy and numeracy skills for a market-exchange economy that was becoming more specialized in division of labor.


2020 ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Kwieciński

The term „agnotology” was introduced by Robert Proctor. Agnotology is the study on the spread of ignorance, its social scope and impact, causes and effects. The author tried to analyze whether it is possible that ignorance is disseminated by schools, the principal institution of the Enlightenment, i.e. not only of equipping invididuals with broad knowledge, but of taking care of each individual’s ability to judge (critical thinking). The author discusses three examples of deliberate structural changes to indicate that school „reforms” may bring about effects opposite to the intended ones, have an offside effect of belated imitation and widespread side effects, which destroy the entire education system.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1228-1240
Author(s):  
Vitaly G. Ananiev ◽  

The revolutions of 1917 prompted a large-scale reorganization of almost all aspects of life in Russia. An important actor in its implementation was intelligentsia. Studying the biographies of the participants in that processes is important for two reasons. Firstly, it allows us to fill the gaps in the history of certain phenomena (i.e., the history of museum education in Russia). Secondly, it’s important from the point of view of prosopography, as biographies help a better understanding of certain historical types. That is important in the context of the anthropological approach to the study of revolutionary events. The object of this article is the biography of one of the personalities of the first post-revolutionary years, Nikolai Emmanuilovich Soum (1879–1926). Studying chemistry at St. Petersburg University in the 1890s–1900s, Soum to a great extent followed the path laid by his father's professional activities. However, he didn’t succeed in accomplishing his studies, perhaps on the account of his father’s death and failed family finances. In the 1910s, when working as a chemist, he joined in the activities of scientific and educational societies. The enlightenment pathos and practical application of science (his interest in photography) prepared the changes, which took place immediately after the revolution. Since 1918 Soum served in the Petrograd gubernia department of public education, and from 1919 headed the Museum department of the Petrograd Institute of Out-of-School Education. One of his first projects was system of training of museum workers, one of the first in Russia. Structural changes and unfavorable political conditions hindered the implementation of the initiative. Soum, same as earlier in the pre-revolutionary period, was pushed to the periphery of cultural life.


1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Rather

The athrocytosis of hemoglobin by the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney of the rat was studied after its intraperitoneal injection, absorption into the blood stream, and glomerular filtration. The earliest appearance of the athrocytosed particles, their accumulation, intracellular breakdown, and disappearance were followed. In addition observations were made on the intraluminal disposition of hemoglobin "casts" with the Spalteholz clearing technique; on the structural changes in the kidney in consequence of the injections; and on the development of a transient oliguria during the course of the experiment. The significance of the findings is considered.


Author(s):  
S. Phyllis Steamer ◽  
Rosemarie L. Devine

The importance of radiation damage to the skin and its vasculature was recognized by the early radiologists. In more recent studies, vascular effects were shown to involve the endothelium as well as the surrounding connective tissue. Microvascular changes in the mouse pinna were studied in vivo and recorded photographically over a period of 12-18 months. Radiation treatment at 110 days of age was total body exposure to either 240 rad fission neutrons or 855 rad 60Co gamma rays. After in vivo observations in control and irradiated mice, animals were sacrificed for examination of changes in vascular fine structure. Vessels were selected from regions of specific interest that had been identified on photomicrographs. Prominent ultrastructural changes can be attributed to aging as well as to radiation treatment. Of principal concern were determinations of ultrastructural changes associated with venous dilatations, segmental arterial stenosis and tortuosities of both veins and arteries, effects that had been identified on the basis of light microscopic observations. Tortuosities and irregularly dilated vein segments were related to both aging and radiation changes but arterial stenosis was observed only in irradiated animals.


Author(s):  
W. Kunath ◽  
E. Zeitler ◽  
M. Kessel

The features of digital recording of a continuous series (movie) of singleelectron TV frames are reported. The technique is used to investigate structural changes in negatively stained glutamine synthetase molecules (GS) during electron irradiation and, as an ultimate goal, to look for the molecules' “undamaged” structure, say, after a 1 e/Å2 dose.The TV frame of fig. la shows an image of 5 glutamine synthetase molecules exposed to 1/150 e/Å2. Every single electron is recorded as a unit signal in a 256 ×256 field. The extremely low exposure of a single TV frame as dictated by the single-electron recording device including the electron microscope requires accumulation of 150 TV frames into one frame (fig. lb) thus achieving a reasonable compromise between the conflicting aspects of exposure time per frame of 3 sec. vs. object drift of less than 1 Å, and exposure per frame of 1 e/Å2 vs. rate of structural damage.


Author(s):  
K. Kovacs ◽  
E. Horvath ◽  
J. M. Bilbao ◽  
F. A. Laszlo ◽  
I. Domokos

Electrolytic lesions of the pituitary stalk in rats interrupt adenohypophysial blood flow and result in massive infarction of the anterior lobe. In order to obtain a deeper insight into the morphogenesis of tissue injury and to reveal the sequence of events, a fine structural investigation was undertaken on adenohypophyses of rats at various intervals following destruction of the pituitary stalk.The pituitary stalk was destroyed electrolytically, with a Horsley-Clarke apparatus on 27 male rats of the R-Amsterdam strain, weighing 180-200 g. Thirty minutes, 1,2,4,6 and 24 hours after surgery the animals were perfused with a glutaraldehyde-formalin solution. The skulls were then opened and the pituitary glands removed. The anterior lobes were fixed in glutaraldehyde-formalin solution, postfixed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in Durcupan. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and investigated with a Philips 300 electron microscope.


Author(s):  
P.L. Moore ◽  
P.L. Sannes ◽  
H.L. Bank ◽  
S.S. Spicer

It is thought that calcium and/or magnesium may play important roles in polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte functions such as chemotaxis, adhesion and phagocytosis. Yet, a clear understanding of the biological roles of these ions has awaited the development of techniques which permit a selective alteration of intracellular ion concentrations. Recently, treatment of cells with the ionophore A23187 has been used to alter intracellular divalent cation concentrations. This ionophore is a lipid soluble antibiotic produced by Streptomyces chartreusensis that complexes with both calcium and magnesium (3) and is believed to carry these ions across biological membranes (4). Biochemical investigations of human PMN leukocytes demonstrate that cells treated with A23187 and extracellular calcium release their lysosomal enzymes into the extracellular medium without rupturing and releasing their soluble cytoplasmic enzymes (5,6). The aim of the present study and and a companion report (7) was to investigate the structural changes that occur in leukocytes during ionophore-induced lysosomal enzyme release.


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