Analysis of MT1 and ZIP1 gene expression in the liver of rats with chronic poisoning with cadmium chloride

Introduction. Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal with devastating effects on most organ systems. After absorption, cadmium is transported throughout the body, primarily by binding to proteins by metallothioneins. It is believed that the mechanisms of cadmium-induced transformation arise due to the disruption of zinc-dependent cellular processes. This part is due to the structural and physical similarities between zinc and cadmium. More than half of the incoming cadmium is deposited in the liver and kidneys. The rest part is distributed throughout other organs and their systems. Materials and methods. In total, 40 white outbred rats of both sexes weighing 170-230 g were used in the experiment; they were formed into four experimental groups of 10 animals each, depending on the dose of the injected toxicant. Liver tissue samples were used as research materials, in the homogenate of which the quantitative content of Cd and Zn was determined, as well as the mRNA level of the MT1 and ZIP1 genes. Results. It was found that the most pronounced activity of the MT1 gene in liver tissues was achieved when animals were administered cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (2.69 ± 0.37; p = 0.017), while the multiplicity of expression of the ZIP1 gene showed the maximum value of the level of transcripts with the minimum dose of toxin (2.70 ± 0.37; p = 0.007). It was also revealed that the highest concentration of zinc in the liver tissue was observed with the introduction of cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (33.84 ± 0.53; p <0.001), and the concentration of cadmium increased along with an increase in the dose of the toxicant (0, 0049 ± 0.0003; 0.0203 ± 0.0024; 0.664 ± 0.007; 0.76 ± 0.0089). Conclusion. Thus, a comprehensive study of the expression of genes for metallothioneins and zinc transporters can be used as a biomarker of poisoning with cadmium and its compounds.

Grazing Sheep in Organic Vineyards: An On-Farm Study about Risk of Chronic Copper Poisoning

Many winegrowers and sheep breeders are interested in wintertime grazing in vineyards, as an agroecological alternative to mowing or herbicide spraying, and additional supply of forage. Still, strong concern is raised by the use of copper-based fungicides, particularly in organic vineyards, since copper is known to induce chronic toxicosis in sheep. We conducted an on-farm study with n = 12 1-year-old Merinos × Mourerous ewes grazing the cover vegetation of vineyard plots during wintertime, in order to check whether this agricultural practice might be harmful to sheep. Our results indicate that most copper found in the cover vegetation originates from fungicide spraying versus plant uptake from the soil, and that rain-induced washing-off and plant growth-triggered dilution of copper are crucial to reach close-to-safe grazing conditions. Furthermore, we found that while sheep remained globally healthy during the 2 months of the experimental period, the plasma activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase increased by 17.3 ± 3.0 U/L upon vineyard grazing (p < 0.001), reflecting liver storage of copper. We also discovered that the dynamics of molybdenum in sheep plasma are strongly affected by exposure to copper, suggesting a possible adaptation mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that winter grazing of sheep in organic vineyards is reasonably safe, but that care should be taken about grazing period duration. More research should be conducted with respect to long-term copper accumulation, spring and summer grazing, and possible protective mechanisms against copper chronic poisoning.

Pesticide residues in food and potential risk of health problems : a systematic literature review

Pesticide residue in food has been investigated since the growing demand of food safe. The determination of pesticides residues in food is becomes an essential requirement for consumers, producers, and authorities responsible for food quality control. Pesticides can poison humans through the mouth, skin, and breathing. Often unwittingly these toxic chemicals enter a person’s body without causing sudden pain and causing chronic poisoning. This study aimed to investigate the impact of pesticides residue to health problems from meta-synthesize, sourced from the Scopus and Sinta indexed articles and obtained 12 indexed articles that were used as references. Meta-synthesize result showed that there are some type of pesticide who used by farmers such as chlorphenapir, emamctin benzoate, abamectin, chlorpyrifos, mankozeb, chlorotalonil, and propineb. Continous use of pesticides can cause such as fatigue, excessive saliva, hard breathing, frequent urination, blurred vision, dizzinesss, and fingerpain. At the end, pesticides residue is adverse effect on human health problems.

IMPACT OF PESTICIDE (FENITROTHION) ON AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS: A REVIEW

Pesticide contamination has become a significant public health problem globally because of their widespread use in the agriculture sector to increase crop yield and quality. The organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are extensively used for insect handling in agriculture due to their effectiveness against the insects and the restricted staying power in the environment. OPs can prevail prolong in the natural environment, causes pollution issues and produce a major problem to humans, animals and nature. The extensive application of OPs in public health and agricultural programs causes critical environmental pollution, which accounts for serious health issues due to acute or chronic poisoning in the living creatures. The Fenitrothion (FNT), from the organophosphate family, is the contact insecticide and the selective acaricide. This review article focuses on the adverse effects of pesticides on targeted and non-targeted organisms, including terrestrial and aquatic life. It includes organophosphates and their toxicity on humans and animals. The main focus is on Fenitrothion, its mechanism and its adverse toxic effect on animals and humans. Adverse effects of Fenitrothion (FNT) on blood cells, immunity, kidney, liver, reproductive system, genetic material, and other aspects are also studied. Oxidative stress has also been included as it is the main factor in pesticides. The objective of this review article is to precisely cover pesticides, mainly FNT. Keywords: Pollution, public health pests, agriculture, pesticides, organochlorine, Fenitrothion, systemic toxicity.

MODERN CHALLENGES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MAINTAINING THE HEALTH OF DENTISTS IN THE FACE OF NEW OCCUPATIONAL RISKS CAUSED BY CORONAVIRUS INFECTION

The monitoring of the activities of dentists in the context of the continuing high risk of the spread of a new coronavirus infection from the point of view of occupational medicine made it possible to identify a number of key points that distinguish the work of dental doctors at the moment. Working in a mode of increased epidemiological danger is a factor that aggravates the neuro-emotional stress of doctors; the predominant use of chlorine-containing agents for cleaning and disinfection leads to an increase in the concentration of chemically active substances in the air of the working area and causes a deterioration in performance, can be the cause of specific, acute, subacute and chronic poisoning; changing the vector of using modern personal protective equipment (special protective suits, respirators, gloves, eye protection), solving issues of continuous updating of the knowledge of dentists on labor protection issues; an increase in the workload of working hours due to the collection and analysis of the patient's epidemiological history, and, as a consequence, a decrease in the possibility of rational use of work breaks aimed at preserving the health of dentists.

Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. A report of two cases

If acute carbon monoxide poisoning is a well-known emergency situation, this is not the case for chronic poisoning. The missed diagnosis of acute CO poisoning is a well-known problem but the identification of a chronic poisoning is very challenging. Knowledge and awareness of chronic poisoning is less defined and probably there is a great number of patients with undiagnosed chronic CO poisoning. It is possible that in case of missed diagnosis because of non-specific symptoms, chronic CO poisoning could be responsible for significant morbidity. We describe the case of a married couple who were rescued almost simultaneously, to show this clinical condition.

Assessing the Chronic Poisoning of White Mice Affected by Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG

Neonicotinoids are a relatively small group of organic compounds that are widely used in crop production as insecticides. They are highly toxic to insects, and much less toxic to mammals, including humans. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic toxicity of insecticides from the group of neonicotinoids Mospilan RP (active substance acetamiprid) and Actara 25 WG (active substance thiamethoxam) on white mice. The chronic toxicity was induced by daily internal introduction of Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG to mice for 30 days at the doses of 1/10 of Median Lethal Dose reported as 65 and 363 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. The affected mice showed thrombocytosis, neutrophilic leukocytosis, and lymphocytopenia. Blood plasma hyperproteinemia in mice treated with Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG was characterized by an increase in globulins content by almost 30.0% in both groups. In Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG treated groups, there was a reduction in urea content by 43.6% and 31.5%, respectively, an increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity by 80% and 60.0%, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase by 80% and almost 400%, respectively. Compared to the control group, the activity of alanine aminotransferase increased to 23.0% only in mice that were given Mospilan RP but not in mice that were given Actara 25 WG.

Intraorbital Mercury Removal by DSA Positioning and Route Marking: A 4-year Follow-up

Background: Mercury is a widely used heavy metal. Traumatic mercury residue often leads to contact dermatitis, granuloma, even chronic poisoning. Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, mercury beads can be difficult to retrieve, especially in the eyes. Most previous studies have focused only on the rigid orbital foreign bodies rather than the injuries related to liquid heavy metal and their extraction method.Methods: We reported a case of thermometer-related orbital injuries in a 4-year-old boy. To better locate, visualize and remove the mercury beads without complications, a Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)-guided, methylene blue marked access was taken, followed by further removal of scattered tiny mercury droplets with an adapted aspirator. Result: At least 0.7411g mercury was taken out during the surgery. After a four-year follow-up, the boy had no residual symptoms, with his urine mercury decreased gradually.Conclusion: Assessing the risk-return coefficient and making an appropriate therapeutic plan is an integral part of the pursuit of therapeutic progress. With the guidance of DSA and methylene blue, the suction of the reformative aspirator, we finally locate the mercury beads, maximize the removal of beads, reduce the length and depth of incisions, and keep the essential structures intact. Hence, we found it a valuable surgical skill on such occasions, worth sharing for future references.

Findings of herbicide and fungicide residues in bee bread

The honey bee is one of the insects that is significantly endangered by the application of pesticides in the cultivation of crops. Not only is acute toxicity dangerous, but the importance of chronic poisoning by low doses of pesticides in hives is growing. The behavior of bees can be affected not only by insecticide residues but also by herbicide and fungicide residues. In 2016–2018, samples of bee bread were analysed for pesticide content at 25 different localities from intensive agricultural production areas of the Czech Republic. Substances were extracted by QuEChERS and determined by liquid chromatography, together with mass spectrometric detection. We detected up to 18 pesticides in one sample. In total, during 2016–2018, we identified 53 active substances. Fifteen substances (31%) were herbicidal, 23 substances (47%) of fungicidal nature and 6 substances (12%) of insecticidal nature. The coefficient of variation showed large differences in the frequency of revealed pesticides between years. For substances sprayed outside period attractive for pollinators (mainly herbicides and some fungicides), the usual methodology cannot reliably determine the degree of contamination, and thus the actual contamination with these substances may be even higher than demonstrated in this study.