scholarly journals Peculiarities of structural reorganization of the thyroid gland vessels in dynamics after experimental thermal trauma

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-615
Author(s):  
V.G. Korytskyi
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
White Male ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Thermal Trauma ◽  
Vascular Bed ◽  
Ketamine Anesthesia

Thermal trauma and burn disease, which develops from deep, large lesions, are accompanied by significant morphological and functional changes not only in the skin, but also in organs of all systems of the body, including thyroid gland. The purpose of the study was to establish a microscopic reorganization of the animal thyroid gland in dynamics after an experimental thermal trauma. Burns of the third degree were applied under ketamine anesthesia with copper plates heated in boiled water to a temperature of 97–100 °С. The affected area corresponded 18–20% of the surface of the rat’s body. Experimental study of structural changes in the vascular bed of the thyroid gland after severe thermal trauma was carried out on laboratory white male rats weighing 160–180 g. Euthanasia of rats was performed after ketamine anesthesia, by decapitation. Structural changes in the thyroid gland were studied after 1, 7, 14 and 21 days from the beginning of the experiment. Histologic sections of 5–6 µm thickness were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. For the study of the connective tissue condition and its main substance, silver impregnation was performed by using the Gordon-Sweet's method (to detect reticular and immature collagen fibers), staining with 3-colored MSB — selective coloring method for intravascular coagulation syndrome. It has been established that in the early stages after the thermal trauma (1–7 days of the experiment, the stage of shock and early toxemia) there are adaptive-compensatory changes and initial signs of destruction of the vascular bed structural components of the organ. In late terms (14–21 days of the experiment, the stages of late toxemia and septicotoxemia) significant destructive-degenerative changes of the thyroid gland arteries, veins and blood vessels of the hemocirculatory bed were detected. Therefore, a severe burn injury causes deep histological modification of the thyroid gland vessels, the degree of intensity of which depends on the time interval of the experiment, which adversely affects on the functioning of the organ and transvascular metabolic processes. In further researches it is planned to study the course of morphological changes of thyroid gland vessels during thermal trauma with combined application of corrective methods.  

scholarly journals Submicroscopic changes of alveoli of respiratory department of lungs a day after experimental thermal trauma

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Z.M. Nebesna ◽  
O.I. Bashynska ◽  
N.P. Ocheretna ◽  
G.М. Galunko ◽  
O.Ya. Slyvka
Keyword(s):  
Burn Injury ◽  
White Male ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Thermal Lesion ◽  
Thermal Trauma ◽  
Impaired Lung Function ◽  
Ketamine Anesthesia

Deep, large thermal burns are not limited to local lesions of tissues, they cause significant disruption of all systems and organs of the organism, change in metabolic processes. It is revealed that the primary links in the pathogenesis of burn disease are destruction of the skin, impaired neuroendocrine regulation and significant hemodynamic disorders. The reorganization of structures and impaired lung function, in response to a pathological process in the body, is attracting increasing attention of scientists. The aim of the study was to establish a submicroscopic rearrangement of the alveoli after a thermal lesion for 1 day after the experimental thermal trauma. Grade III burns were applied under ketamine anesthesia with copper plates heated in boiled water to a temperature of 97-1000С. The size of the lesion area was 18-20 % of the epilated surface of the body of rats. An experimental study of the structural components of lung alveoli after burn injury was performed on laboratory white male rats weighing 160-180 g. Euthanasia of rats was performed after ketamine anesthesia by decapitation. In the experiment, the study of the submicroscopic state of the walls of the alveoli of the lungs after thermal trauma was done. It is established that in the stage of shock after the application of burn injury – 1 day, in the alveoli of the respiratory department of the lung, there are adaptive compensatory and initial destructive changes of all structural components of the alveoli. Damage to the ultrastructure of the aerohematical barrier is manifested by intracellular edema and edema of the organelles of the endothelial cells, respiratory and secretory epitheliocytes, and the amount of heterochromatin increases in their deformed nuclei. The basement membrane also has signs of edema, sometimes homogeneous, fuzzy. The decrease in the number of vesicles and micropinocytotic vesicles in endothelial and respiratory epitheliocytes leads to impaired endothelial and alveolar metabolism. Numerous actively phagocytic alveolar macrophages with a well-expressed lysosomal apparatus are found in the alveoli. Initial alternative alterations of the ultrastructure of the components of the air-barrier barrier lead to disruption of gas exchange in the respiratory department of the lungs

scholarly journals Features of morphological changes in the thyroid gland of white male rats 1 day after thermal trauma of the skin on the background of the introduction of 0.9 % NaCl solution

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
O. I. Tiron
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
White Male ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Thermal Trauma

Despite the fact that the main pathogenetic factor in the development of burn disease is the alteration of the skin, the severity of the condition of patients in the acute period of the disease is due to systemic changes in the body caused by thermal factor. Being a powerful stress factor, severe burns are accompanied by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary system. Although thyroid hormones are not considered typical "stress hormones", they also play a role in maintaining vasomotor function under stress. The question of thyroid dysfunction on the background of burn injury remains debatable, and scientific data on its morphological and ultramicroscopic changes are quite limited. The aim of the work is to establish microscopic and submicroscopic changes of the thyroid gland of experimental animals in the stage of shock after thermal trauma of the skin. Experimental studies were performed on 12 white adult male rats, which received a thermal burn of the skin of 2-3 degrees with a lesion area of 21-23 % of the skin. An infusion of 0.9 % NaCl solution at a dose of 10 ml/kg was performed into the inferior vena cava. Collection of material for histological and electron microscopic examinations was performed according to generally accepted methods. Histological specimens were examined using a MIKROmed SEO SCAN light microscope and photo-documented using a Vision CCD Camera with an image output system from histological specimens. Ultrathin sections made on an ultramicrotome UMPT-7 were contrasted with uranyl acetate, lead citrate according to the Reynolds method and studied under an electron microscope PEM-125K. Conducted micro- and submicroscopic studies of the structural components of the thyroid gland a day after the reproduction of thermal trauma to the skin on the background of the introduction of 0.9 % NaCl solution revealed reactive adjunctive-compensatory changes and initial manifestations of destruction. Vascular, stromal and parenchymal components of the organ in the stage of shock after burns correspond to the state of "stress" as a reaction to pathological exogenous exposure, and the intensification of metabolic processes in the affected organism of experimental animals.

scholarly journals Features of the thyroid gland structural components remodeling in the toxemia stage after experimental thermal injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
V.G. Koritskiy ◽  
Z.M. Nebesna
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thermal Injury ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Secretory Cycle ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Ketamine Anesthesia

Thermal injury causes severe structural and metabolic disturbances not only of the skin itself, but also of all organs and systems of the affected organism, is a manifestation of a complex symptom complex - a burn disease. Of particular importance in patients with burns are changes in the endocrine system. The aim of the study was to establish the microscopic and electron-microscopic reorganization of the components of the thyroid gland of animals after thermal damage on 14 day after experimental thermal injury. A III degree burn was applied under ketamine anesthesia with copper plates heated in boiled water to a temperature of 97-100°C. The size of the lesion area was 18-20% of the epilated surface of the body of rats. An experimental study of the structural components of the thyroid gland after a burn injury was performed on laboratory white male rats weighing 160-180 g. Rats euthanasia was performed after ketamine anesthesia by decapitation. In the experiment, the study of the microscopic and submicroscopic state of the follicles and hemocapillaries of the thyroid gland after thermal injury of the III degree. It has been established that in the toxemia stage after the application of the burn injury on 14 day (late toxemia stage), significant destructive and degenerative changes are found in the thyrocytes of the wall of the follicles and hemocapillaries, the organ acquires a macrofollicular structure. The height of thyrocytes decreases, the nuclei and organelles of cytoplasm are significantly damaged, the number and height of microvilli on their apical surface decreases, which negatively affects the cell's secretory cycle and transcapillary organ metabolic processes. The established destructive changes in the blood capillaries and thyrocytes of the follicles are the morphological manifestation of the suppression of the secretory activity of the thyroid gland during thermal injury and corresponds to the hypofunctional state of the organ.

scholarly journals HISTOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC CHANGES OF THE RAT TESTES AFTER EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL INJURY AND APPLICATION OF XENODERMAL SUBSTRATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
S. Yu. Mukha
Keyword(s):  
Burn Injury ◽  
White Male ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Regenerative Processes ◽  
Vascular Disorders ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Thermal Trauma ◽  
Relative Normalization

The aim of this work was to establish the histological and morphometric changes of the structural components of the rat testes after experimental thermal trauma and under condition of correction. Object and methods. The study was performed on 48 sexually mature outbred white male rats following the rules of bioethics. The experimental animals were divided into three groups: intact; with severe thermal trauma; with burn injury and application of xenodermal substrate after early necrectomy of the damaged tissues. Results and discussion. Already on the 7th day after application of xenodermal substrate the processes of reparative regeneration of hemocapillaries is activated, the degree of vascular disorders and damages of the structural components of the testes are decreased, and regenerative processes are activated. The percentage of significantly altered seminiferous tubules is 1.90-fold lower than in animals without correction. In the later stages of the experiment, the usage of the xenodermal substrate contributes to an active flow of regenerative processes and a relative normalization of all the structural components of the testes. Morphometric indicators of mean values of diameter and area of convoluted tubes on the 21th day were significantly (p<0.001) higher by 1.39 times and 2.00 times relative to the indicators in the group of animals without correction. Areas with unchanged histostructure are dominated in the testes at this term. The percentage of significantly altered tubules was 10.58 times lower than the corresponding value in animals with burn injury without correction. Conclusions. Thus, the application of a xenodermal substrate on a wound formed after necrectomy of thermally damaged areas was found to contribute to a significant reduction of vascular disorders and destructive changes of spermatogenic cells. Better state of intracellular components and activation of regeneration contribute to a relative normalization of the testicular structure and morphometric indices in the later terms of the experiment.

scholarly journals Indicators of the cell cycle in the thyroid gland in rats when using infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution on the background of thermal skin burns

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
O.I. Tiron
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
White Male ◽  
S Phase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Nacl Solution

Systemic damage of the organs, including the thyroid gland, is one of the key factors in the pathogenesis of burn disease due to thermal skin burns. The aim of this study was to investigate the indices of the cell cycle and DNA fragmentation of thyroid gland cells in rats with the use of infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution against the background of thermal skin burns. Experimental studies were conducted on 60 white male rats weighing 160-180 g, which was subjected to thermal burns of the skin of 2-3 degrees with a total area of 21-23% of the body surface. The first 7 days rats were infused with 0.9% NaCl solution into the inferior vena cava. Animals were removed from the experiment by decapitation (after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days). DNA content in the nuclei of the cells of the thyroid gland of rats was determined by flow cytometry. The statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out in the license package “STATISTICA 6.1” using nonparametric estimation methods. After 1 day after thermal skin damage and using 0.9% NaCl solution, lower (p<0.05) values of the S-phase index (0.234±0.094) were found compared to the control group without burn (0.652±0.134). The maximum decrease (p<0.01) of S-phase indicators (0.622±0.110 and 0.214±0.105, respectively) and a significant increase (p<0.01) of the SUB-G0G1 interval (5.288±0.840) compared to similar control group values (2.594±0.628) is observed after 3 days. The S-phase against the background of the introduction of 0.9% NaCl solution and thermal skin burn remained significantly lower than those of the similar control groups at 7 (p<0.01), 14 (p<0.05) and 21 days (p<0.05). At 14 days after thermal skin injury, the SUB-G0G1 interval (p<0.05) was lower than in the control group of rats. After 30 days, the G0G1 phase parameters were significantly lower (p<0.01), and the G2+M phase values were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those in the control group at the same time. Thus, it was found that 0.9% NaCl solution was not effective enough to correct cell division disorders during the entire observation period after skin burns.

scholarly journals Histological picture in the skin of rats within a month after burn II-III degree against the background of the introduction for first 7 days 0.9% NaCl solution

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Ye.V. Mironov
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
White Male ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Thermal Trauma ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Burn disease is a complex of pathological changes that occur in the body due to the action of a thermal agent and are life-threatening. The problem of skin burns still remains relevant today. Insufficiently studied features of pathogenesis and methods of treatment of thermal trauma are the cause of considerable interest of scientists in this problem. The aim is to study the features of microscopic changes in the skin of rats during the month after grade II-III burn on the background of the introduction of the first 7 days of 0.9% NaCL solution. The studies were performed on 360 laboratory white male rats weighing 155-160 g. During the experiment, the animals were divided into 4 groups: 1st, 2nd groups – rats without thermal trauma infused with 0.9% NaCl solution and HAES-LX-5% at a dose of 10 ml/kg. In the 3rd, 4th groups, rats were infused with 0.9% NaCl solution and HAES-LX-5% at a dose of 10 ml/kg after skin burns. Burning skin damage was caused by applying to the lateral surfaces of the trunk of rats for 10 seconds four copper plates, heated in water at a constant temperature of 100°C. Histological preparations were prepared by standard procedure and examined using an OLYMPUS BH-2 light microscope. Conducted microscopic studies of the skin of animals after thermal trauma under the conditions of application of 0.9% NaCl solution found that in the early stages of the experiment (1, 3, 7 days) compensatory and adaptive changes of its structural components are combined with signs of destructive disorders. In the later periods of thermal trauma (14, 21 and 30 days), the destructive changes of the structural components of the skin in the lesion area deepen, and the process becomes irreversible.

scholarly journals Electron microscopic changes of the testis germinal epithelium after an experimental thermal trauma in the application of cryo-lyophilized xenograft skin substrate

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
K.S. Volkov ◽  
S.Yu. Muha
Keyword(s):  
Burn Injury ◽  
White Male ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Germinal Epithelium ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Burn Wound ◽  
Thermal Burn ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Thermal Trauma

Deep, large area of thermal trauma of the skin leads to significant morphofunctional changes in organs in the composition of the burned organism. However, condition of the central organ of the male reproductive system - testicle after burns and, especially, in the treatment of thermally damaged areas of the skin remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to establish an ultrastructural re-organization of testis germinal epithelium cells in the stages of toxemia and septicotoxemia following an experimental thermal trauma when using xenograft skin substrate. The studies were carried out on 35 sexually mature white male rats, which were divided into three groups: 1 - intact animals (5 rats), 2 - animals with burn injury (15 rats), 3 - animals with burn injury, for which were used xenograft skin substrate (15 rats). The burn was applied under ketamine anesthesia with copper plates, heated in boiling water, on 1820% shaved body surface of animals. Early necrectomy of the damaged areas of skin was carried out 1 day after the thermal burn. The formed wounds were covered with cryo-lyophilized xenograft skin substrate. Experimental animals were decapitated at 7, 14 and 21 days of the experiment (early, late toxemia and septicotoxemia). The material sampling for electron microscopy was carried out in accordance with a generally accepted methodology. It is established that in the stage of early toxemia (7 days of experiment) there are adaptive-compensatory changes and signs of destruction of spermatogenic cells of testis. In the stages of late toxemia and septicotoxemia (14 and 21 days of the trial), significant destructive changes occur in all components of the seminiferous tubules of the organ. Electron microscopically found that the closure of the burn wound after the early necrectomy of cryo-lyophilized xenograft skin substrate in severe experimental burn injury in the early stages of the experiment significantly reduces the damage of testis germinal epithelium of experimental animals and activates regenerative processes. This contributes to a significant improvement in the ultrastructure of the components of the convoluted tubules of the organ in the late stages of the experiment.

scholarly journals Morphometric evaluation of features of remodeling of chondrocites of joint surfaces of temporomandibular joint of experimental animals in hyperglycemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Hnatiuk ◽  
Lesia Rubas
Keyword(s):  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
White Male ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Intercellular Substance ◽  
Temporal Fossa ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Joint Surfaces

Aim: to study morphometrically the peculiarities of remodeling of chondrocytes of the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint in hyperglycemia.Materials and methods: Quantitative morphological methods were used to study diameters of chondrocytes and their nuclei, nuclear-cytoplasmic relationship in these cells, relative volume of damaged chondrocytes, intercellular-chondrocytic relationship in mature chondrocytes of the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint of 45 laboratory mature white male rats with simulated diabetes.Results: A comprehensive analysis of the morphometric parameters presented in the article showed that they did not differ in the articular surfaces of the temporal fossa and mandibular head of the intact temporomandibular joint. The expressed structural changes of chondrocytes were revealed at a monthly and a two-month diabetic arthropathy of this joint.Conclusions: Proceeded studies and obtained results suggest that prolonged hyperglycemia leads to diabetic arthropathy of the TMJ, which is characterized by atrophy of chondrocytes, violation of nuclear-cytoplasmic relationships, an increase in the relative volume of damaged chondrocytes and volume of intercellular substance. The detected changes in quantitative morphological parameters depended on the duration of hyperglycemia and dominated in the cartilaginous tissue of the articular surface of the mandibular head.

scholarly journals Comparative characteristics of the manifestations of damage and reparative processes in the mucous membrane of the duodenum of rats under the conditions of skin burns and skin burns associated with diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
I.A. Tymoshenko ◽  
L.M. Sokurenko ◽  
A.Ya. Yanchyshyn ◽  
V.A. Pastukhova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Experimental Diabetes ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Solution Ph

Currently, severe thermal injury is becoming one of the most important problems of practical medicine. Diabetes is also recognized as another global medical and social challenge of our century. The emergency situation for the treatment and prevention of the consequences of these pathologies is a consequence of the lack of a reliable theoretical basis for solving specific clinical problems regarding the course of burns, diabetes and their complications. The aim of the study is to establish the patterns of structural changes in the mucous membrane of the duodenum after burn injury of the skin of rats under conditions of experimental diabetes mellitus. The study was performed on 63 laboratory white adult male rats weighing 180-210 g, which were divided into 3 groups: intact animals, rats with skin burns and rats with skin burns on the background of diabetes. The model of experimental diabetes mellitus was reproduced by administering Streptozotocin to rats intraperitoneally once at a dose of 50 mg/kg, pre-dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer solution (pH=4.5). The control of the development of hyperglycemia in the experimental groups was the level of glucose in the blood 24.24±0.79 mmol/l. In the control group this index was 8.03±0.4 mmol/l. Rats with skin burns revealed destructive manifestations, which are accompanied by an active inflammatory reaction and corresponding necrotic changes, while rats with skin burns on the background of diabetes mellitus pathological processes are not just “summed up”, but in some way adaptively modified with the involvement of stress mechanisms of the endoplasmic reticulum and associated autophagy.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF BILIARY FUNCTION OF THE LIVER IN THE DYNAMICS OF POLYTRAUMA IN THE EXPERIMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
D.V. Kozak
Keyword(s):  
General Pattern ◽  
White Male ◽  
Bile Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Subsequent Decrease ◽  
Biliary Function ◽  
Thiopental Sodium ◽  
Main Components

Relevance. Severe trauma is accompanied by the development of multiple organ dysfunction and the insufficiency of internal organs. The dynamics of changes in the functional state of the liver didn't investigate fully. It is the central organ of detoxification of the body, whose activity occurs in close integration with other organs and systems of the body. The objective is to find out the features of the biliary function of the liver in the dynamics of the developed model of polytrauma. Materials and methods. Polytrauma was performed using 62 nonlinear white male rats weighing 180-200 g under conditions of thiopental-sodium anesthesia (40 mg 1kg-1 intraperitoneally). In surviving animals, the biliary function of the liver was studied in 2 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury. For this purpose, the common bile duct was catheterized, and bile was collected for 1 hour in animals under thiopental-sodium anesthesia (60 mg kg-1). The rate of bile excretion and the concentration of total bile acids, cholesterol, direct and indirect bilirubin in the selected portion of bile were determined. Based on these data, the rate of excretion of the studied components of bile was calculated. Euthanasia of rats throughout the experiment was performed by total bloodletting from the heart after previous thiopental-sodium anesthesia (60 mg kg-1 intraperitoneally). The obtained digital data were subject to statistical analysis. Results. In the conditions of experimental polytrauma, there is a violation of the biliary function of the liver. It is manifested in the period of an acute reaction to the trauma first (after 2 hours) by a significant it decreases, then (up to 1 day) development of polycholia - 1.52 times increased of bile secretion. Also increased excretion of the main components of bile, with their subsequent decrease to 7 days, development of the period of temporary improvement in 14 days with the repeated of exacerbation period in 21 days and approach to the norm - in 28 days. The decrease in bile secretion corresponds to a period of shock, which is characterized by the centralization of blood circulation and reduced blood supply to the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Increased bile secretion and excretion of main bile components in 1 day after a severe injury is associated with the increased biliary polarity of hepatocytes and unloading of the liver from endotoxins. It accumulates due to tissue damage, microcirculation, and hypoxia. Subsequently, the indicators of the biliary function of the liver changed by the identified patterns of lipoperoxidation deviations, antioxidant protection, cytolysis, and endogenous intoxication. The pathogenesis of biliary disorders is the damage of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes, where the synthesis of the main components of bile. As well as the development of edema of the organ, which prevents the outflow of bile. Conclusion. The dynamics of the development of functional liver failure due to polytrauma coincides with the general pattern characteristic of the dynamics of other biochemical markers of traumatic disease. Namely: after 3 days of the post-traumatic period, there was a phase of maximum deepening of deviations of the studied indexes. After 7-14 days there was noted a phase of temporary improvement which is characterized by a change of indexes towards the norm. After 21 days there was a re-exacerbation of the pathological process. After 28 days the indexes changed towards the norm, but for most cases do not reach it. This means that in a critical state of the body the organs and systems coupling is getting worse, which are remote from the site of injury. It can be considered as a factor of compensation and adaptation directed to the survival of the organism.

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