Development of Two Test Level 2 Bridge Railings and Transitions for Use on Transverse Glue-Laminated Deck Bridges

This paper describes the development and concurrent validation of a group-administered measure of field-dependence/independence for early elementary children. Following the procedure used to validate the Children's Group Embedded Figures Test (Level 2, 9 to 11 yr.), a validation study of a group test for younger children was undertaken with a second-grade sample ( N = 77). The test was reliable (alpha = .84) and significantly related to both the individually administered Children's Embedded Figures Test ( r = .56) and Portable Rod-and-frame Test ( r = .57). This measure, designated the Children's Group Embedded Figures Test—Level 1, provides a promising research instrument for assessing cognitive style of young children.

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Relationship of Training Load with High-intensity Running in Professional Soccer Players

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-0855-3843 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (05) ◽

pp. 336-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marcus Lee ◽

Swarup Mukherjee

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Training Load ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Repeated Sprint ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Test Level ◽

Level 2

AbstractThis study determined the training load (TL) and its relationship with high-intensity running performance across the season in professional soccer players. The TL, YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 (YYIR 2) and repeated sprint ability (RSA) were monitored in 29 players (age 26.2±3.8 years, height 173.6±5.6 cm, body mass 68.5±8.6 kg). In the mid in-season (MS), Lucia TRIMP (TRIMPL) was inversely correlated with YYIR 2 (r=−0.6, p<0.05), with total distance (TD), work-rate (WR), low-intensity distance (LID) and player load (PL) showing correlation with YYIR 2 (r=0.81, 0.77, 0.88, 0.67; p<0.05) in the late in-season (LS). In pre-season (PS), TD, WR and moderate-intensity distance (MID) were correlated with YYIR 2 (r=0.65, 0.80, 0.83, p<0.05), whereas in early in-season (ES), TD, WR, LID were correlated with YYIR 2 performance (r=0.58, 0.67, 0.55, p<0.05). There was no significant relationship (p>0.05) between TL and RSA. The findings showed the volume, intensity and types of TL accrued influences the relationship with physical performance that suggest the significance of phase-specific monitoring of TL for maximizing performance in soccer players.

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Test Level 2 Guardrail-to-Bridge Rail Transition Compatible with 31-in. Guardrail

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/2377-08 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2377 (1) ◽

pp. 74-83

Author(s):

R. P. Bligh ◽

D. R. Arrington ◽

R. Meza

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Low Cost ◽

Transition Systems ◽

Speed Test ◽

Traffic Conditions ◽

Level 3 ◽

Common Application ◽

Departments Of Transportation ◽

Test Level ◽

Level 2

Many state departments of transportation are in the process of updating their guardrail standards to comply with the AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) and guidance issued by FHWA on guardrail height. A key feature of the new systems is an increase in rail mounting height from 27 in. to 31 in. A common application of guardrails is shielding motorists from hazards at bridge approaches, including the end of the bridge rail. When a flexible-approach guardrail is attached to a rigid bridge rail, a transition section is needed to transition the stiffness properly from one system to another. A nested thrie beam transition system has been successfully tested to MASH guidelines and is compatible with a 31-in.-approach guardrail. However, it is cost-prohibitive to use this high-speed, Test Level 3 transition on all roadways. A low-cost transition was successfully evaluated under NCHRP Report 350 Test Level 2 (TL-2) impact conditions for use on lower-speed roadways. However, this TL-2 W-beam transition is 27 in. tall and is not compatible with the new 31-in. guardrail systems. This paper describes a new low-cost guardrail-to-bridge rail transition that was successfully developed and tested under MASH TL-2 conditions. The transition is compatible with new 31-in. guardrails and can connect to rigid concrete bridge rails. The transition is considered suitable for implementation on roadways that have traffic conditions appropriate for the use of TL-2 safety hardware. Use of this system would provide significant savings in both material and installation costs compared with high-speed transition systems.

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New Test Level 2 Rough Stone Masonry Guardwall

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/2195-09 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2195 (1) ◽

pp. 85-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

John D. Reid ◽

Ronald K. Faller

Keyword(s):

Stone Masonry ◽

Test Level ◽

Level 2

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Team-Sport Athletes’ Improvement of Performance on the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2, but Not of Time-Trial Performance, With Intermittent Hypoxic Training

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2014-0246 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 15-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mathew W.H. Inness ◽

François Billaut ◽

Robert J. Aughey

Keyword(s):

Time Course ◽

Time Trial ◽

Team Sport ◽

Training Load ◽

Recovery Test ◽

Intermittent Hypoxic Training ◽

Hypoxic Training ◽

Before And After ◽

Test Level ◽

Level 2

Purpose:To determine the time course for physical-capacity adaptations to intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) in team-sport athletes and the time course for benefits remaining after IHT.Methods:A pre–post parallel-groups design was employed, with 21 Australian footballers assigned to IHT (n = 10) or control (CON; n = 11) matched for training load. IHT performed eleven 40-min bike sessions at 2500-m altitude over 4 wk. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) was performed before; after 3, 6, and 11 IHT sessions; and 30 and 44 d after IHT. Repeated time trials (2- and 1-km TTs, with 5 min rest) were performed before, after, and 3 wk after IHT. Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) was measured in IHT before and after 3, 6, 9, and 11 sessions.Results:Baseline Yo-Yo IR2 was similar between groups. After 6 sessions, the change in Yo-Yo IR2 in IHT was very likely higher than CON (27% greater change, effect size 0.77, 90% confidence limits 0.20;1.33) and likely higher 1 d after IHT (23%, 0.68, 0.05;1.30). The IHT group’s change remained likely higher than CON 30 d after IHT (24%, 0.72, 0.12;1.33) but was not meaningfully different 44 d after (12%, 0.36, –0.24;0.97). The change in 2-km TT performance between groups was not different throughout. For 1-km TT, CON improved more after IHT, but IHT maintained performance better after 3 wk. Hbmass was higher after IHT (2.7%, 0.40, –0.40;1.19).Conclusion:Short-duration IHT increased Yo-Yo IR2 compared with training-load-matched controls in 2 wk. An additional 2 wk of IHT provided no further benefit. These changes remained until at least 30 d posttraining. IHT also protected improvement in 1-km TT.

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Performance Improvement in Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 and During Official Matches: The Role of Speed Endurance Training Production in Élite Football Players

Sport Mont ◽

10.26773/smj.201020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

Keyword(s):

Endurance Training ◽

Performance Improvement ◽

Football Players ◽

Recovery Test ◽

Test Level ◽

Level 2

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Effects of Linear Versus Changes of Direction Repeated Sprints on Intermittent High Intensity Running Performance in High-level Junior Football Players over an Entire Season: A Randomized Trial

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7080189 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 189 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Edvard H Sagelv ◽

Ivar Selnæs ◽

Sigurd Pedersen ◽

Svein Arne Pettersen ◽

Morten B Randers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Exercise Program ◽

Football Players ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Repeated Sprints ◽

Main Effect ◽

High Level ◽

Armed Intervention ◽

Test Level ◽

Level 2

Background: Changes of direction (COD) repeated sprints (RSs) might have greater relevance to football than linear RSs. We aimed to compare the effects of linear and COD RSs on intermittent high intensity running (HIR) over an entire season. Methods: In total, 19 high-level male football players (16–19 years) randomly performed linear RSs or COD RSs twice a week during their competitive season over 22 weeks. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2), and 10- and 20-m sprint was assessed pre-, mid- (11 weeks), and post-intervention (22 weeks). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results: There was no interaction effect (time x group) in Yo-Yo IR2 (p = 0.36, pη2 = 0.06) or sprint tests (10 m: p = 0.55, pη2 = 0.04, 20 m: p = 0.28 pη2 = 0.08), and no change differences between groups. There was a main effect of time for Yo-Yo IR2 (p = 0.002, pη2 = 0.31) but not in sprints or VO2max. Conclusion: Linear and COD RS exercise twice a week over 22 weeks equally improves intermittent HIR performance but does not improve sprint time or aerobic power in high-level junior football players. However, due to our two-armed intervention, we cannot exclude possible effects from other exercise components in the players’ exercise program.

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