Cleaning of Matched License Plate Data

2002 ◽  
Vol 1804 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Clark ◽  
S. Grant-Muller ◽  
Haibo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
License Plate ◽  
Mean Absolute Deviation ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean

Three methods for identifying outlying journey time observations collected as part of a motorway license plate matching exercise are presented. Each method is examined to ensure that it is comprehensible to transport practitioners, is able to correctly classify outliers, and is efficient in its application. The first method is a crude method based on percentiles. The second uses a mean absolute deviation test. The third method is a modification of a traditional z- or t-statistical test. Results from each method and combinations of methods are compared. The preferred method is judged to be the third method alone, which uses the median rather than the mean as its measure of location and the inter-quartile range rather than the standard deviation as its measure of variability. This method is seen to be robust to both the outliers themselves and the presence of incident conditions. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated under a number of typical and atypical road traffic conditions. In particular, the method is applied to a different section of motorway and is shown to still produce useful results.

scholarly journals Properties of the Standard Deviation that are Rarely Mentioned in Classrooms

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Fraiwan Al-Saleh ◽  
Adil Eltayeb Yousif
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Sample Variance ◽  
Mean Absolute Deviation ◽  
Hidden Information ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vague Concept ◽  
Chebyshev's Inequality

Unlike the mean, the standard deviation ¾ is a vague concept. In this paper, several properties of ¾ are highlighted. These properties include the minimum and the maximum of ¾, its relationship to the mean absolute deviation and the range of the data, its role in Chebyshev’s inequality and the coefficient of variation. The hidden information in the formula itself is extracted. The confusion about the denominator of the sample variance being n ¡ 1 is also addressed. Some properties of the sample mean and varianceof normal data are carefully explained. Pointing out these and other properties in classrooms may have significant effects on the understanding and the retention of the concept.

scholarly journals PROPOSTA DI UNA FUNZIONE UTILITÀ DIPENDENTE DALL’UTILITÀ ATTESA E DALLA DISPERSIONE DELLE UTILITÀ

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio B. Frosini
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Dispersion Measure ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Mean Absolute Deviation ◽  
Summary Statistic ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Condition C ◽  
Substitution Axiom

The author develops the properties and implications of a proposal, concerning a summary statistic of the random prospect of utilities. Following a suggestion of Maurice Allais, such a statistic is increasing with expected utility, and decreasing – for most people, who are risk averse – with the mean absolute deviation of utilities; a parameter multiplying this dispersion measure allows for risk averse or risk prone behaviour, according to its sign, and also for more or less departure from a certain prospect. It is demonstrated that this statistic (a) satisfies the first stochastic dominance, (b) satisfies the independence condition, (c) satisfies the so called “problem of probabilistic insurance”, (d) resolves the paradoxes of Allais, Ellsberg and Kahneman-Tversky (paradox of the substitution axiom), (e) the mean absolute deviation from the mean cannot be replaced by the standard deviation.

Use of Trimmed Duplicates Derived from Laboratory Data To Estimate Standard Deviation

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1660-1663
Author(s):  
Richard L Johnson ◽  
George W Latimer ◽  
Cliff Spiegelman
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Mean Absolute Deviation ◽  
Robust Estimators ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Mean Squared Errors ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Estimate Standard Deviation

Abstract Improved standard deviation estimates from possibly biased duplicate measurements can be derived from appropriately trimmed plots of standard deviation estimates using pairs of replicates vs the quantiles of a half-normal distribution. Simulated studies show that these estimates exhibit generally lower mean-squared errors and biases than do more standard robust estimators of location—¾ times the interquartile range and 3/2 times the mean absolute deviation from the median.

scholarly journals Portfolio Optimization with a Mean–Absolute Deviation–Entropy Multi-Objective Model

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1266
Author(s):  
Weng Siew Lam ◽  
Weng Hoe Lam ◽  
Saiful Hafizah Jaaman
Keyword(s):  
Portfolio Optimization ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Mean Absolute Deviation ◽  
Diversification Strategy ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Naïve Diversification

Investors wish to obtain the best trade-off between the return and risk. In portfolio optimization, the mean-absolute deviation model has been used to achieve the target rate of return and minimize the risk. However, the maximization of entropy is not considered in the mean-absolute deviation model according to past studies. In fact, higher entropy values give higher portfolio diversifications, which can reduce portfolio risk. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a multi-objective optimization model, namely a mean-absolute deviation-entropy model for portfolio optimization by incorporating the maximization of entropy. In addition, the proposed model incorporates the optimal value of each objective function using a goal-programming approach. The objective functions of the proposed model are to maximize the mean return, minimize the absolute deviation and maximize the entropy of the portfolio. The proposed model is illustrated using returns of stocks of the Dow Jones Industrial Average that are listed in the New York Stock Exchange. This study will be of significant impact to investors because the results show that the proposed model outperforms the mean-absolute deviation model and the naive diversification strategy by giving higher a performance ratio. Furthermore, the proposed model generates higher portfolio mean returns than the MAD model and the naive diversification strategy. Investors will be able to generate a well-diversified portfolio in order to minimize unsystematic risk with the proposed model.

scholarly journals Kajian Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Dalam Memprediksi Penerimaan Mahasiswa Baru Pada Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Tatang Rohana Cucu
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Hybrid Technique ◽  
Mean Absolute Deviation ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Neuro Fuzzy ◽  
New Students ◽  
The Mean

Abstract - The process of admitting new students is an annual routine activity that occurs in a university. This activity is the starting point of the process of searching for prospective new students who meet the criteria expected by the college. One of the colleges that holds new student admissions every year is Buana Perjuangan University, Karawang. There have been several studies that have been conducted on predictions of new students by other researchers, but the results have not been very satisfying, especially problems with the level of accuracy and error. Research on ANFIS studies to predict new students as a solution to the problem of accuracy. This study uses two ANFIS models, namely Backpropagation and Hybrid techniques. The application of the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model in the predictions of new students at Buana Perjuangan University, Karawang was successful. Based on the results of training, the Backpropagation technique has an error rate of 0.0394 and the Hybrid technique has an error rate of 0.0662. Based on the predictive accuracy value that has been done, the Backpropagation technique has an accuracy of 4.8 for the value of Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and 0.156364623 for the value of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Meanwhile, based on the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) value, the Backpropagation technique has a value of 0.5 and 0.09516671 for the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) value. So it can be concluded that the Hybrid technique has a better level of accuracy than the Backpropation technique in predicting the number of new students at the University of Buana Perjuangan Karawang.   Keywords: ANFIS, Backpropagation, Hybrid, Prediction

scholarly journals Robust Confidence Intervals for PM2.5 Concentration Measurements in the Ecuadorian Park La Carolina

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilmar Hernandez ◽  
Alfredo Mendez ◽  
Rasa Zalakeviciute ◽  
Angela Maria Diaz-Marquez
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Concentration Measurements ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

In this article, robust confidence intervals for PM2.5 (particles with size less than or equal to 2.5   μ m ) concentration measurements performed in La Carolina Park, Quito, Ecuador, have been built. Different techniques have been applied for the construction of the confidence intervals, and routes around the park and through the middle of it have been used to build the confidence intervals and classify this urban park in accordance with categories established by the Quito air quality index. These intervals have been based on the following estimators: the mean and standard deviation, median and median absolute deviation, median and semi interquartile range, a -trimmed mean and Winsorized standard error of order a , location and scale estimators based on the Andrew’s wave, biweight location and scale estimators, and estimators based on the bootstrap- t method. The results of the classification of the park and its surrounding streets showed that, in terms of air pollution by PM2.5, the park is not at caution levels. The results of the classification of the routes that were followed through the park and its surrounding streets showed that, in terms of air pollution by PM2.5, these routes are at either desirable, acceptable or caution levels. Therefore, this urban park is actually removing or attenuating unwanted PM2.5 concentration measurements.

scholarly journals Identification of Daily Activites and Environments Based on the AdaBoost Method Using Mobile Device Data: A Systematic Review

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Ferreira ◽  
Ivan Miguel Pires ◽  
Gonçalo Marques ◽  
Nuno M. Garcia ◽  
Eftim Zdravevski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Magnetic Sensors ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Environment Recognition ◽  
The Mean

Using the AdaBoost method may increase the accuracy and reliability of a framework for daily activities and environment recognition. Mobile devices have several types of sensors, including motion, magnetic, and location sensors, that allow accurate identification of daily activities and environment. This paper focuses on the review of the studies that use the AdaBoost method with the sensors available in mobile devices. This research identified the research works written in English about the recognition of daily activities and environment recognition using the AdaBoost method with the data obtained from the sensors available in mobile devices that were published between 2012 and 2018. Thus, 13 studies were selected and analysed from 151 identified records in the searched databases. The results proved the reliability of the method for daily activities and environment recognition, highlighting the use of several features, including the mean, standard deviation, pitch, roll, azimuth, and median absolute deviation of the signal of motion sensors, and the mean of the signal of magnetic sensors. When reported, the analysed studies presented an accuracy higher than 80% in recognition of daily activities and environments with the Adaboost method.

scholarly journals The Influence of Heating on Toe pressure in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Settembre ◽  
T. Kagayama ◽  
P. Kauhanen ◽  
P. Vikatmaa ◽  
Y. Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Baseline Measurement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Peripheral Arterial ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Toe Pressure

Background and Aim: The toe skin temperature in vascular patients can be low, making reliable toe pressure measurements difficult to obtain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heating on the toe pressure measurements. Materials and Methods: A total of 86 legs were examined. Brachial pressure and toe pressure were measured at rest in a supine position using a laser Doppler device that also measured skin temperature. After heating the toes for 5 min with a heating pad, we re-measured the toe pressure. Furthermore, after heating the skin to 40° with the probe, toe pressures were measured a third time. Results: The mean toe skin temperature at the baseline measurement was 24.0 °C (standard deviation: 2.8). After heating the toes for 5 min with a warm heating pad, the skin temperature rose to a mean 27.8 °C (standard deviation: 2.8; p = 0.000). The mean toe pressure rose from 58.5 (standard deviation: 32) to 62 (standard deviation: 32) mmHg (p = 0.029). Furthermore, after the skin was heated up to 40 °C with the probe, the mean toe pressure in the third measurement was 71 (standard deviation: 34) mmHg (p = 0.000). The response to the heating varied greatly between the patients after the first heating—from −34 mmHg (toe pressure decreased from 74 to 40 mmHg) to +91 mmHg. When the toes were heated to 40 °C, the change in to toe pressure from the baseline varied between −28 and +103 mmHg. Conclusion: Our data indicate that there is a different response to the heating in different clinical situations and in patients with a different comorbidity.

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