scholarly journals EXISTENCE OF MELAKA MALAY (FORT) CITY BASED ON A’FAMOSA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-65
Author(s):  
Noor aisyah Mokhtar ◽  
Kamarul afizi Kosman
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Great Probability ◽  
Modular Systems ◽  
Rectangular Shape ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Malay Archipelago ◽  
The City

Research Highlights Despite of many historical records from Portuguese about the physical of Melaka Malay City, its existence is still doubtful since there is no clear physical evidence that can be used as basis support to its existence. However, to prove that the city was existed, various physical and scientific evidence are required to prove its existence. Thus, this study aims to identify historical evidence that mentioned its existence which based on the first painting of A’Famosa (Malacca Fort City during Portuguese era). The study proposed three hypothesis and results indicated there is a postivie outcome to prove that the Melaka Malay City existed on and around Bukit Melaka (or St Paul Hill now) based on historical records and sketches found.   Research Objectives This paper attempts to uncover and reveal the historical evidence of Melaka Malay (Fort) City before the city was destroyed and rebuilt according to Portuguese terms. This paper was created to identify the differences between designs and layout plans between the Malacca Malay (Fort) City and the world-renowned Fort A’Famosa, thus comparing the hypothesis arguments about the existence of Melaka City. Indeed, there is a clear distinction between the design, layout, character and philosophy of the Malay and Portuguese cities. The scope focuses only on the site of the physical building (which is believed to be historical evidence) of the city at the Melaka River’s estuary where important and significant buildings during Melaka Malay empire was constructed – the palace, mosque, administration buildings, harbors, and different kind of settlements. There is a great probability of continuing this study into the use of satellite technology in determining and identifying the Melaka Malay City with more precise and accurate details. The implication of this study can be a catalyst for continuous and deeper research on the original site of the Melaka Malay City as to prove the validity of its existences.   Methodology In an effort to discuss the existence of this Melaka Malay City, various aspects and methods were conducted to find the most suitable matches and comparisons that almost accurately describe their design then prove its existence. The remains and plans of Melaka City today since the British era will be the basis of its existence. Hence, the study of historical records and sketches of the Melaka City from the Dutch government and subsequently the Portuguese will be made to seek physical evidence of the earliest design of Melaka City. Later, the historical records of the city from Malay Archipelago, Chinese, Portuguese and Dutch sources will be depicted in city design. As a reinforcement, the philosophy of urban design in the Malay World is highlighted as well as presenting the comparison between the other Malay Kingdoms and the Melaka Malay City.   Results The foundations of the Malay cities basically were designed in square or rectangular shape, no matter how far the city was set up (Abdul Halim Nasir, 1990). This is in line with the philosophy in the Malay world that associated with a simple yet sufficient form of compassion that covers the various aspects of the Malay community's facilities and their living that are synonymous with modular systems (Yusoff Hashim, 2010). The first Fort A'Famosa built by the Portuguese was rectangular (G.W.Irwin, 2006). Its position was below the foot of Bukit Melaka and along the estuary of the Melaka River which is also near the bridge stretching the mouth of the Melaka River (Portuguese Documents of Malacca, 11: 6 de Goes, para 11). The city of A'Famosa in the painting has a relatively six-tower on the corner of the city near the bridge. Whereas city fort or bastion on three other city corners are two-storey building. A’Famosa was built on the site of the Great Mosque of Melaka (Portuguese Documents of Malacca, 11: 6 de Goes, the 25th) which features a rectangular shape as the custom of mosques designs in the Malay Archipelago realm at that time, then the A'Famosa was originally built in rectangular over the ruins (or damage) of the Great Mosque Malacca after the success of Portuguese colonization.   Findings The research showed that the design of Melaka City or A'Famosa City was in square or rectangular shape as it was built on the ruins of the Great Mosque of Melaka. The rectangular fort design was synonym with the design of other Malay forts or cities as it was a fundamental design tradition in the Malay world from fourth century until the later centuries after the collapse of Melaka empire either in Malay clusters. This coincides with the urban philosophy and design of the Malay and Islamic city that breed in the Malay Archipelago region at that time.

scholarly journals Existence of Melaka Malay (Fort) City Based on First Painting of A’Famosa by The Portuguese

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12S2) ◽  
pp. 652-662
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Writing ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Rectangular Shape ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Administrative Area ◽  
The City ◽  
Fundamental Design

The Melaka Malay City during Malay Sultanate era often mentioned in historical writing of Malay world as one of the great, majestic and powerful Malay cities. The city’s context of this paper defined as the administrative area of the Melaka Malay government before the Portuguese colonization in 1511. Its existence is still doubtful since there is no clear physical evidence as basis support to its existence. Thus, this study aims to identify historical evidence that mentioned its existence which based on the first painting of A’Famosa (Melaka Fort City during Portuguese era). The scope focuses only on the physical building (which is believed to be historical evidence) of the city at the Melaka River’s estuary. The method focused on this paper is through historical sources, scientific writing, previous studies globally as well as relevant scientific records. This research trying to prove that the city indeed exists in historical writing and the city was a square-shaped which fit in the philosophy and Malay’s way of life. The implication of this study can be a catalyst for continuous and deeper research on the original site of the Melaka Malay City as to prove the validity of its existences. This paper expected to serve as a basis for further research using satellite mapping technologies to know and understand the existence, position and layout of the city. In conclusion, first painting of A’Famosa shows the design was in square or rectangular shape as it was built on the site of the Great Mosque of Melaka. The rectangular fort design was synonym with the design of other Malay forts or cities as rectangular design was a fundamental design tradition in the Malay world. Hence, the city existence should be examined to rebuild the knowledge of Melaka and Malay civilization.

Sicily

2019 ◽  
pp. 536-552
Author(s):  
Salvatore de Vincenzo
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Advanced Degree ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

Thucydides reports that the Phoenicians were present throughout Sicily and traded with the Sicels. A tangible Phoenician presence in Sicily, as expressed by pottery, is attested only at the end of the eighth century bce. The earliest hypothetical Phoenician settlements of Solunt and Panormus are still almost unknown. This earliest phase is associated in particular with the city of Motya, where pottery and a few other finds testify to it. The Punic phase of the island is much clearer, with almost all indications coming from Motya and Selinus, which were not built over in Roman times. The Pfeilertempel, as emerged from Motya, could be regarded as the prototype for the Phoenician temple in Sicily. In turn, it is possible to recognize a characteristic type of temple of Punic Sicily, as particularly shown at Selinus, These shrines, as well as other elements of the Punic settlements like the houses, the fortifications, or the necropoleis, in particular from the fourth century bce onwards, are evidence of an advanced degree of Hellenization, framed within a Mediterranean koine.

scholarly journals The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii: Interim Report

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Ling
Keyword(s):  
General Trend ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
The West ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

SummaryA British team has been working since 1978 upon a programme of documentation and analysis in the Insula of the Menander at Pompeii, one of the irregular city-blocks situated immediately to the west of the old part of the city in an area which was developed from the early fourth century B.C onwards. Study of the structural techniques, of wall-abutments, and of anomalies in plan can be used in conjunction with the evidence of painted wall-plaster to identify five main phases in the building-history: Phase I (fourth-third centuries B.C), Phase 2 (second and early first centuries B.C), Phase 3 (c. 80-c. 15 B.C), Phase 4 (c. 15 B.C.-C. A.D. 50), Phase 5 (c. A.D. 50-79). These illustrate a complex pattern of changing property-boundaries, but underline the general trend towards increasing commercialization and greater pressure upon living-space in this area of the city. There is also interesting evidence of the economic basis of life in the individual houses during the years immediately before 79.

scholarly journals Restitución virtual de la muralla romana de León: una visión diacrónica

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel Morillo ◽  
Oihan Mendo ◽  
Diego Prieto ◽  
Gema Duprado ◽  
Silvia Bonacasa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
External Face ◽  
The City

The Roman wall, of rectangular plan and rounded corners, following the canonical military model, is the major evidence of the fortress built by the Legion VII Gemina in León in 74 AD. The archaeological interventions developed throughout the decades have confirmed that the defensive system consists of two adjacent walls: the first one dates back to the Low Empire, while the other, attached to the previous one by its external face, is dated Late Third to Early Fourth century AD. We, too, must add an internal rampart (agger) corresponding to a previous defensive system. The 3D virtual restitution we have undertaken allows us to contemplate, with further detail, the features of this almost 20 meters wide constructive complex that has conditioned the urban development of the city of León.

scholarly journals Colonic intussusception as a rare manifestation of colonic lipoma: Case report

Case reports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Horacio Humberto Garzón-Olarte ◽  
Juan Guillermo Holguín-Henao ◽  
Cristina Judith Padilla-Herrera ◽  
David Ricardo Baquero-Zamara
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Management ◽  
Acute Abdominal Pain ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Laparoscopic Approach ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Rare Manifestation ◽  
Colonic Lipoma ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
The City

Introduction: Colonic lipomas are low-risk lesions that require endoscopic or surgical management depending on their size and symptoms. However, diagnosing a lipoma­tous lesion in the colon is a difficult task, as the clinical or imaging findings point to a low prevalence of these lesions and a higher fre­quency in the female sex. The laparoscopic approach is the current method of choice as it represents fewer traumas and, therefore, a faster clinical recovery.Case presentation: 43-year-old female patient, Caucasian, from the city of Bogotá, housewife, without any medical history. She presented with acute abdominal pain associated with tarry stools. Diagnostic imaging tests were performed, finding colo-colonic intussusception, originated in a lipomatous lesion located in the transverse colon. This patient underwent an enlarged lap­aroscopic right hemicolectomy.Discussion: This case describes how colonic intussusception constitutes a preoperative complication that requires surgical management since its diagnosis considering the associated mortality rates.Conclusion: The analysis of this case is part of the scientific evidence indispensable to im­prove the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to colonic intussusception, as local and in­ternational literature have not addressed this condition sufficiently.

KITTOS AND THE PHIALAI EXELEUTHERIKAI

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 263-291
Author(s):  
Mills McArthur
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Financial Administration ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

In an oracular tablet from Dodona dating to the mid-fourth century bc, a slave named Kittos inquires whether his master, Dionysios, will set him free. A roughly contemporary entry in the Athenian phialai inscriptions records Dionysios isotelēs manumitting Kittos the metalworker. This paper suggests that the individuals in both documents may be identical. Along the way, it also takes a position on a number of questions surrounding the phialai inscriptions. These inscriptions are not really inventories, I propose, nor can they be explained in terms of lawsuits unrelated to manumission. (The presence of families and children in the inscriptions is especially important in demonstrating this point.) Instead, they represent acts of manumission effectuated through dikē apostasiou prosecutions, an Athenian practice which, I believe, dates back to the 350s. It was not until the 330s, under the financial administration of Lycurgus, that the city imposed mandatory phialai dedications upon all manumissions in court, with the phialē serving as a manumission fee paid to the treasurers of Athena.

Politicizing the Past: The "Atthis" of Kleidemos

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy McInerney
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Vase Painting ◽  
Democratic Leadership ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Relief Sculpture ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City ◽  
Democratic Constitution

Jacoby's influential opinion that the Atthidographers were part of the political discourse of the fourth century has been the subject of revision in recent years. His critics have argued that the genre of Atthidography is primarily antiquarian and that to look for partisan political attitudes in the Atthides is a mistake. An examination of the work of Kleidemos, however, reveals a coherent presentation of the Athenian past designed to vindicate the democratic constitution and to demonstrate the close connection between the democracy and Athens' naval power. This emerges most clearly in Kleidemos's treatment of three important democratic heroes: Theseus, Kleisthenes, and Themistokles. By the fourth century, Theseus had already emerged as the most popular Athenian hero. His accomplishments were modeled in part on the deeds of Herakles and were recorded in vase painting and relief sculpture, and on the walls of the Stoa Poikile. Kleidemos presented a distinctive account of Theseus, emphasizing his role in founding the Athenian navy in preparation for the expedition to Krete. Kleidemos portrayed him as a leader capable of defending Athens and making peace with Athens' enemies, first the Kretans and later the Amazons. This is a king in the tradition of Euripides' Theseus in the Suppliants, the ruler of a free and democratic city. The connection between democratic leadership, Athenian might, and the naval power of Athens is also underscored in Kleidemos's handling of Kleisthenes. Again, the information provided by Kleidemos is distinctive, inasmuch as he reports that it was Kleisthenes who was responsible for the system of naukrariai, which he likens to the symmories of the fourth century. Unlike the version of the Ath. Pol., which imagines the Kleisthenic demes replacing the Solonian naukrariai, Kleidemos saw the demes and naukrariai as complementary divisions, the former organizing the state's resources for the upkeep of the navy, and the latter establishing the political basis for the democracy. Themistokles is also given unique treatment. Kleidemos records the anecdote according to which Themistokles was responsible for the Battle of Salamis because he found sufficient money to man the ships when the generals had run out of funds and had ordered the abandonment of the city. He used the disappearance of the gorgoneion of the statue of Athena as an excuse to ransack the baggage of the Athenians and collect enough wealth to pay the fleet. The story is as tendentious as the account in the Ath. Pol., which gives the credit to the Areopagos. Both versions demonstrate how Athens' past had become a battleground in the political debates of the mid-fourth century. Unlike the epitaphios logos with its emphasis on the eternal and unchanging glory of Athens, the "Atthis" of Kleidemos attempted to prove that the greatness of Athens rested historically on three foundations: the heroes of the democracy, the democratic constitution, and the navy.

A Critical Assessment of Hygroscopic Seeding of Convective Clouds for Rainfall Enhancement

2003 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 1219-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard A. Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Policy Statement ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Cloud Seeding ◽  
Weather Modification ◽  
Convective Clouds ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Hygroscopic Particles

During the past decade, statistically positive results have been reported for four major, randomized hygroscopic seeding experiments, each in a different part of the world. Experiments on cold convective clouds using hygroscopic flares were carried out in South Africa and Mexico. Experiments on warm convective clouds using hygroscopic particles were carried out in Thailand and India. The scientific evidence for enhancing rainfall from convective clouds by hygroscopic seeding from these four randomized experiments is examined and critically assessed. The assessment uses, as a measure of proof of concept, the criteria for success of any cloud seeding activity that were recommended in the Scientific Background for the 1998 AMS Policy Statement on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modifications, criteria that required both statistical and physical evidence. Based on a critical examination of the results of these four major, randomized hygroscopic seeding experiments, it has been concluded that they have not yet provided either the statistical or physical evidence required to establish that the effectiveness of hygroscopic seeding of convective clouds to increase precipitation is scientifically proven. The impressive statistical results from these experiments must be viewed with caution because, according to the proof-of-concept criteria, credibility of the results depends on the physical plausibility of the seeding conceptual model that forms the basis for anticipating seeding-induced increases in rainfall. The credibility of the hygroscopic seeding for microphysical effects hypothesis has been seriously undermined because it cannot explain the magnitude and timing of the statistically significant increases in precipitation that were observed. Theories suggesting that the microphysical effects of seeding-enhanced downdraft circulations to produce longer-lived clouds have been advanced; however, in the absence of any supporting physical or model evidence, they must be considered to be in the realm of speculation. These results do not alter this author's basic position; cloud seeding is advocated in situations where it is scientifically and operationally appropriate, and it is strongly recommended that an independent evaluation accompany each research or operational project in order that the science of weather modification benefit from the experience.

scholarly journals Architectural terracotta ornamentation in Rome from the sixth to the fourth century B.C.

1914 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
A. W. Van Buren
Keyword(s):  
Early Republic ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
The City

The interesting constructions of the late republican period, and the great buildings of imperial Rome, loom so large before us that it is difficult to realise the remains of earlier periods when temples and other public edifices were of humble proportions, built of local stone and adorned merely with terracotta. Yet in Rome itself numerous early terracottas have come to light; and their broken fragments can help us to form an idea of the fictile decoration used in the Rome of the early republic, and of the appearance of the city at that date.

‘Dagon Our God’: Iron i Philistine Cult in Text and Archaeology

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Emanuel
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Deuteronomistic History ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
1 Samuel ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Geographical Context

Despite the late date and dubious veracity of the Deuteronomistic history, and despite the Bible’s status as the only Bronze or Iron Age text which indisputably refers to Dagon in a southern Canaanite geographical context, scholars have traditionally accepted 1 Samuel 5:1–8’s portrayal of Philistine cult in the Iron Ageias being centered on this deity and his temple at Ashdod. This study marshals archaeological and historical evidence to assess the level of support for the presence of Dagon in IroniPhilistia, and for a temple at Ashdod as described in the biblical account. Also considered, through comparison with the materially analogous situation in the Bronze Age Aegean, is the critical role that a textual complement to physical evidence (or, in the case of the Philistines, the lack thereof) plays in cultic analysis and pantheonic reconstruction.

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