THE CYTOLOGICAL AND CYTOGENETIC STUDY OF THE ALTERNATED FORMS OF ALFALFA

Colchicine in experimental mutagenesis is used to induce polyploidy, since it, by destroying the division spindle, prevents chromosomes from separating. The importance of studying the mutagenic effect of colchicine on a plant cell is also determined by the practical application of colchicine in the enrichment of plant genetic resources of plants, the creation of cytogenetic collections and their use in breeding programs. In our experiments, we studied the effect of colchicine on alfalfa and the effect of its influence. Seeds of varieties ASKHI-1 and AzNIKHI-262 obtained as a result of treatment with different concentrations of colchicine (0.02% and 0.04%) were used as plant material. In some anaphases, chromosome delays were observed when diverging to the poles. No cells with a doubled set of chromosomes were found. According to the results of studying the stages of mitosis, it should be noted that ASKHI-1 variety is more sensitive to colchicine treatment than AzNIKhI-252, since the first variety showed significantly greater deviations from the control and another variety at the stage of mitotic activity.

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Characterisation of Latvia Fruit Crop Genetic Resources by Application of Molecular Genetics Methods

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences Section B Natural Exact and Applied Sciences ◽

10.2478/prolas-2013-0014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 84-93

Author(s):

Gunārs Lācis

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Genetic Resources ◽

Plant Material ◽

Data Exchange ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Germplasm Collection ◽

Functional Markers ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

State Institute ◽

Fruit Crop

A large diversity of fruit crop accessions is maintained at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit- Growing, which consists of modern cultivars, landraces and selections from local breeding programmes, as well as germplasm that has resulted from scientific exchange and co-operation with other institutes. Presently, the germplasm collection comprises 2509 accessions of 17 fruit crops; 676 accessions are designated as national genetic resources. Conservation of germplasm itself has little value without characterisation and further utilisation of the stored plant material. To intensify these activities, DNA-based technologies have been implemented in the characterisation of germplasm. Two main groups of molecular markers have been utilised: non-specific markers and gene-specific (functional) markers, subsequently applicable for Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). Genotyping protocols based on SSR, RAPD and Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) markers have been developed for twelve fruit crops for use in plant material identification, True-to-Type verification and evaluation of genetic diversity and internal collection structure. In total, 790 accessions have been genotyped using any of the mentioned markers. These markers have been harmonised with the European cooperative programme for plant genetic resources working group (ECPGR WG) recommended sets to ensure international data exchange. Gene specific molecular markers have been applied to apple and pear (resistance to scab), strawberry (resistance to Gnomonia fragariae), sweet cherries and plums (self-incompatibility).

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New proposals to strengthen the boom of agriculture in Peru: massive use of genetic resources and development of modern breeding programs

Peruvian Agricultural Research ◽

10.51431/par.v3i1.663 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 35-39

Author(s):

C. I. Arbizu ◽

R. H. Blas

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Human Resources ◽

Private Sector ◽

Genetic Resources ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Agricultural Activity ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Modern Breeding ◽

Germplasm Banks

Peru is a place with abundant biological resources that should be employed for the benefit of society in general. However, to date, the use of Peruvian plant genetic resources was not fully exploited for the development of improved crops. This work was mostly conducted by the international private sector. The Climate Change Laboratory at Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, and other laboratories at Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión and Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina together with other research programs of other institutions seek to promote the massive and sustainable use of plant genetic resources maintained in germplasm banks. It is planned to make use of modern molecular and morphological techniques. Moreover, infrastructure and human resources are being improved. As a result, we will be able to maintain the growth of the agricultural activity in Peru in terms of space and time.

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Introducing Beneficial Alleles from Plant Genetic Resources into the Wheat Germplasm

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10100982 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 982

Author(s):

Shivali Sharma ◽

Albert Schulthess ◽

Filippo Bassi ◽

Ekaterina Badaeva ◽

Kerstin Neumann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Resources ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Selection Processes ◽

Starting Point ◽

The Status ◽

Modern Wheat ◽

Elite Germplasm

Wheat (Triticum sp.) is one of the world’s most important crops, and constantly increasing its productivity is crucial to the livelihoods of millions of people. However, more than a century of intensive breeding and selection processes have eroded genetic diversity in the elite genepool, making new genetic gains difficult. Therefore, the need to introduce novel genetic diversity into modern wheat has become increasingly important. This review provides an overview of the plant genetic resources (PGR) available for wheat. We describe the most important taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of these PGR to guide their use in wheat breeding. In addition, we present the status of the use of some of these resources in wheat breeding programs. We propose several introgression schemes that allow the transfer of qualitative and quantitative alleles from PGR into elite germplasm. With this in mind, we propose the use of a stage-gate approach to align the pre-breeding with main breeding programs to meet the needs of breeders, farmers, and end-users. Overall, this review provides a clear starting point to guide the introgression of useful alleles over the next decade.

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Common Vetch, Valuable Germplasm for Resilient Agriculture: Genetic Characterization and Spanish Core Collection Development

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.617873 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Lucía De la Rosa ◽

María Isabel López-Román ◽

Juan M. González ◽

Encarnación Zambrana ◽

Teresa Marcos-Prado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Resources ◽

Core Collection ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Wild Relatives ◽

Agricultural System ◽

Protein Profiles ◽

Common Vetch ◽

Breeding Programs

Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is a legume used for animal feed because of its high protein content and great capacity for nitrogen fixation, making this crop relevant in sustainable agriculture. The Spanish vetch collection, conserved at the Spanish Plant Genetic Resources Center (CRF), is one of the largest collections of this species worldwide, including landraces, wild relatives mainly collected in Spain, and commercial cultivars, but also accessions of international origin. The analysis of the genetic diversity of this material, whose genome has not been sequenced yet, and the assembly of a representative collection could play a pivotal role in conserving and exploiting these genetic resources in breeding programs mainly in those focused on consequences and demands of climate change. In this work, a set of 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) reference alleles for genetic diversity analysis of the CRF vetch collection has been developed, used for genotyping more than 545 common vetch accessions from all over the world and validated. All the tested markers were polymorphic for the analyzed accessions. Overall, at least 86 different loci were identified with 2–11 alleles per locus with an average of 6.1 alleles per locus. Also, the analyses of the generated SSR database support that most of these SSR markers are transferable across closely related species of Vicia genus. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that wild relatives have a higher genetic diversity than landraces. However, cultivars have similar diversity than landraces, indicating that genetic variability has been barely lost due to the breeding of this legume. Low differences of genetic variations between Spanish and non-Spanish accessions have been observed, suggesting a high degree of diversity within Spanish genotypes, which provide 95% of the total genetic variation, so we have focused our efforts on characterizing genotypes of Spanish origin that were further studied using storage protein profiles. Based on SSR, seed protein profiles, and agromorphological and passport data, a vetch core collection (VCC) containing 47 V. sativa accessions of Spanish origin has been established. In this collection, the characterization has been expanded using ISSR markers, and it has been reevaluated with new agromorphological data, including drought tolerance characters. This VCC presents a minimum loss of genetic diversity concerning the total collection and constitutes an invaluable material that can be used in future breeding programs for direct use in a resilient agricultural system.

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Starting material for the breeding of easily producible lentil varieties

Plant Breeding and Seed Production ◽

10.30835/2413-7510.2021.236980 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 8-15

Author(s):

O. M. Bezuhla ◽

L. N. Kobyzeva

Keyword(s):

Genetic Resources ◽

Seed Weight ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Starting Material ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

High Yields ◽

Wild Lentil ◽

Intensive Work

Materials and methods. As of January 1, 2021, the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine has a collection comprising 1,101 lentil specimens from 54 countries, including 90 Ukrainian specimens. Of these, 17% are breeding varieties, 45% are breeding lines, 37% are trivially bred varieties and forms, and about 1% are five wild lentil species. The collection specimens were evaluated in accordance with valid methods. Our objective was to evaluate the collection for the traits that determine ease of production and to offer starting material for breeding. Our purpose was to identify sources of valuable economic characteristics for the breeding of easily producible lentil varieties. Results and discussion. Basing on the multi-year results, we selected and proposed the starting material to create easily producible lentil varieties with the following characteristics: high yields of seeds (11 macrosperma sources (Krasnohradska 5 originating from Ukraine [1000-seed weight = 73 g]; 1913 T 15 from Canada [66 g]; UD0600141 from Spain [91 g]; and others) and 25 microsperma sources (UD0600707 from Ukraine [34 g]; Miledi from Russia [38 g]; CDC Redcap from Canada [38 g]; and others)); suitability for mechanized harvesting (6 macrosperma sources (Mistseva 5 from Ukraine, Ilina from Slovakia, 1921 T 11 from Canada, and others) and 18 microsperma sources (Novourenskaya 3565 from Russia, Pozdnyaya from the Czech Republic, CDC Redwing from Canada, and others)); improved biochemical composition and high cooking qualities of seeds (3 macrosperma sources (local accessions: UD0600141 from Spain, UD0600329 from Syria, UD0600151 from Mexico) and 10 microsperma sources (local accessions: UD0600451 from Bulgaria, UD0600017 from Afghanistan, UD0600979 from Israel, and others)). Conclusions. For 30 years of intensive work of the National Center for Genetic Resources of Plants of Ukraine, divers and original staring material of lentil has been collected and studied; sources of valuable economic characteristics have been identified for breeding programs of research institutions of Ukraine and other countries

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Horticultural Value of Wild Genetic Resources—Introduction to the Workshop

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.46.11.1436 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (11) ◽

pp. 1436-1437 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gayle M. Volk ◽

Christopher M. Richards

Keyword(s):

Comparative Genomics ◽

Genetic Resources ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Wild Relatives ◽

Wild Plant ◽

Future Research ◽

Marker Assisted Breeding ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Ornamental Horticulture ◽

American Society

Wild plant genetic resources are increasingly becoming valuable for breeding, genomics, and ornamental horticulture programs. Wild relatives of horticultural species may offer desirable traits that are not available in cultivated varieties, but “wilds” often also have traits that are highly undesirable. Advances in comparative genomics and marker-assisted breeding facilitate the inclusion of the valued traits from wild materials in plant breeding programs. As technologies advance, wild plant genetic resources will become even more valuable for future research developments. This serves as an introduction to a series of proceedings articles from the American Society of Horticultural Science meetings in 2010 workshop entitled “Horticultural Value of Wild Genetic Resources.”

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Advancement of taxonomic searches in the European search catalogue for plant genetic resources

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262119000339 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 559-561

Author(s):

Stefanie Kreide ◽

Markus Oppermann ◽

Stephan Weise

Keyword(s):

Genetic Resources ◽

Plant Material ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

New Developments ◽

Fuzzy Search ◽

Search Terms ◽

Plant Names ◽

Erroneous Data ◽

Selection Of

AbstractGenebanks play an important role in the conservation of global plant biodiversity. The European Search Catalogue for Plant Genetic Resources (EURISCO) was created as a central entry point to provide information on these collections. However, a major challenge lies in the heterogeneity of scientific plant names. This makes the selection of suitable plant material, e.g. for research or breeding purposes, significantly more difficult. For this reason, the taxonomic backbone of EURISCO has been completely revised. Search terms entered by users are now automatically checked against taxonomic reference repositories, allowing a variety of synonyms to be identified. In addition, a fuzzy search has been implemented, which makes the search function tolerant of erroneous data (e.g. caused by typing errors). Besides improvements of the search interface, more support will be given to EURISCO's data providers. The new developments provide a tool that makes it easier to identify problem cases within the data, such as accepted/non-accepted taxonomic names, and will successively improve the quality of taxonomic information in EURISCO.

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Recent Large-Scale Genotyping and Phenotyping of Plant Genetic Resources of Vegetatively Propagated Crops

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10020415 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 415

Author(s):

Hilde Nybom ◽

Gunārs Lācis

Keyword(s):

Genetic Resources ◽

Dna Markers ◽

Plant Material ◽

Large Scale ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Large Sets ◽

International Projects ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

Commercially Important ◽

Generation Sequencing

Several recent national and international projects have focused on large-scale genotyping of plant genetic resources in vegetatively propagated crops like fruit and berries, potatoes and woody ornamentals. The primary goal is usually to identify true-to-type plant material, detect possible synonyms, and investigate genetic diversity and relatedness among accessions. A secondary goal may be to create sustainable databases that can be utilized in research and breeding for several years ahead. Commonly applied DNA markers (like microsatellite DNA and SNPs) and next-generation sequencing each have their pros and cons for these purposes. Methods for large-scale phenotyping have lagged behind, which is unfortunate since many commercially important traits (yield, growth habit, storability, and disease resistance) are difficult to score. Nevertheless, the analysis of gene action and development of robust DNA markers depends on environmentally controlled screening of very large sets of plant material. Although more time-consuming, co-operative projects with broad-scale data collection are likely to produce more reliable results. In this review, we will describe some of the approaches taken in genotyping and/or phenotyping projects concerning a wide variety of vegetatively propagated crops.

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Integrating Genomic and Phenomic Approaches to Support Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Use

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10112260 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2260

Author(s):

Gayle M. Volk ◽

Patrick F. Byrne ◽

Clarice J. Coyne ◽

Sherry Flint-Garcia ◽

Patrick A. Reeves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Resources ◽

Genetic Resource ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Plant Genetic Resource ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Resource Information ◽

Resource Managers ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Resources Conservation ◽

Analytical Tools

Plant genebanks provide genetic resources for breeding and research programs worldwide. These programs benefit from having access to high-quality, standardized phenotypic and genotypic data. Technological advances have made it possible to collect phenomic and genomic data for genebank collections, which, with the appropriate analytical tools, can directly inform breeding programs. We discuss the importance of considering genebank accession homogeneity and heterogeneity in data collection and documentation. Citing specific examples, we describe how well-documented genomic and phenomic data have met or could meet the needs of plant genetic resource managers and users. We explore future opportunities that may emerge from improved documentation and data integration among plant genetic resource information systems.

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Enrichment of the local plant gene fund for providing a resource base for priority agro-food systems

Agricultural sciences ◽

10.22620/agrisci.2021.29.010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (29) ◽

pp. 85-93

Author(s):

Nikolaya Velcheva ◽

◽

Tsvetelina Stoilova ◽

Petar Chavdarov ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Resources ◽

Food Systems ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Interspecific Crosses ◽

Local Market ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Resource Base ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Taxonomic Description

Plant genetic resources are a link between environment, agriculture and food systems, so their conservation requires cooperation within the different sectors of bio-economy. The existing diversity in local genetic resources is an initial base in crop breeding corresponding with the new challenges such as climate change, plant health and food quality. As a result from the activities of the National Research Program “Healthy foods for a strong bio-economy and quality of life” 63 accessions from different regions of Southern Bulgaria were collected through several collecting missions. Each accession was described by passport data including: taxonomic description under the nomenclature of the GRIN system, date of registration in the collection, donor, ecological and geographical characteristics of the explored area, biological status, etc., according to the International descriptor of FAO/Bioversity. The greatest diversity of old varieties and local forms has been found in the legumes and vegetable crops. The seeds are usually inherited in families or passed between neighbours and they are intended for household or local market. The collected plant materials were evaluated by morphological and agro-biological characteristics. Evaluation data from accessions of bean showed high variability of morphological traits as height of plants, number of pods and seeds per plant. The results obtained from this study will be useful in breeding programs and interspecific crosses, for selection and introduction of desired traits through pre-breeding programs, for research and direct use of farmers.

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