scholarly journals Dynamics of machines with ideal inertial motion

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Mikhail Podrigalo ◽  
◽  
Andriy Kashkanov ◽  
Mykhailo Kholodov ◽  
Andriy Poberezhnyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Translational Motion ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Potential Fields ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Moving Frames ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Inertial Motion ◽  
Gravitational Fields

The term "inertioid" and its first design in 1936 was invented by engineer V. N. Tolchin. Despite the demonstration of unsupported motion using a physical model, the mystery of the inertioid has existed for almost a century. There are several theories explaining the motion of the inertioid (or mechanisms with inertial motion). These theories include the theory of friction, which proves that the movement of the device occurs due to the difference between the coefficients of friction and the coefficients of rolling resistance in contact between the bottom of the machine and the road. In some works, to explain the physical nature of this phenomenon, it is often legitimate to use A. Einstein's theory of relativity from a scientific point of view. In our opinion, the approach to the study of the process of motion of the inertioid should be based on the theory of the gravitational field. In the theory of relativity, A. Einstein notes that rapidly moving frames of reference create their own gravitational fields. Rotating weights create their own potential fields, since they are affected by centripetal accelerations. When the field of rotating loads is imposed on the gravitational field of the earth, accelerations appear that cause the movement of an inertioid (machines with an inertial mover). In fact, we constantly encounter this kind of overlap of potential fields in our daily life. For example, the effect of latitude on the value of the free fall acceleration of a body above the earth's surface is explained by the imposition of the earth's gravitational field of the potential field of its rotation around its axis. In the paper an inertioid with an idealized engine, which creates a constant driving (traction) force directed towards the movement has been investigated. As a result of the study, the equations of the translational motion of a machine with an ideal inertial engine were obtained, an expression for calculating its maximum speed was determined, and the maximum required engine power for the movement of a machine with an ideal inertial engine was determined.

scholarly journals Gravitational Fields of Conical Mass Distributions

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chifu Ebenezer Ndikilar
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Prolate Spheroidal ◽  
Radial Equation ◽  
Metric Tensor ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Mass Distributions ◽  
Oblate Spheroidal ◽  
Test Particles

The gravitational field of conical mass distributions is formulated using the general theory of relativity. The gravitational metric tensor is constructed and applied to the motion of test particles and photons in this gravitational field. The expression for gravitational time dilation is found to have the same form as that in spherical, oblate spheroidal, and prolate spheroidal gravitational fields and hence confirms an earlier assertion that this gravitational phenomena is invariant in form with various mass distributions. It is shown using the pure radial equation of motion that as a test particle moves closer to the conical mass distribution along the radial direction, its radial speed decreases.

scholarly journals Possible Alterations of Local Gravitational Field Inside a Superconductor

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Alberto Ummarino ◽  
Antonio Gallerati
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Landau Theory ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Qualitative Comparison ◽  
Ginzburg Landau ◽  
High Tc ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Favorable Conditions

We calculate the possible interaction between a superconductor and the static Earth’s gravitational fields, making use of the gravito-Maxwell formalism combined with the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau theory. We try to estimate which are the most favorable conditions to enhance the effect, optimizing the superconductor parameters characterizing the chosen sample. We also give a qualitative comparison of the behavior of high–Tc and classical low–Tc superconductors with respect to the gravity/superfluid interplay.

scholarly journals PARAMETRIC INSTABILITY IN SCALAR GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (24) ◽  
pp. 1230023 ◽  
Author(s):  
TREVOR B. DAVIES ◽  
CHARLES H.-T. WANG ◽  
ROBERT BINGHAM ◽  
J. TITO MENDONÇA
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Field Effect ◽  
Strong Field ◽  
Parametric Instability ◽  
Spherically Symmetric ◽  
Scalar Tensor Theory ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Dynamical Mechanism ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Tensor Theory

We present a brief review on a new dynamical mechanism for a strong field effect in scalar–tensor theory. Starting with a summary of the essential features of the theory and subsequent work by several authors, we analytically investigate the parametric excitation of a scalar gravitational field in a spherically symmetric radially pulsating neutron star.

Numerical Analysis of Air Convection in a Vertical Cylindrical Container With and Without a Gravitational Field Under a Gradient of a Magnetic Field

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Akamatsu ◽  
Mitsuo Higano ◽  
Yoshio Takahashi ◽  
Hiroyuki Ozoe
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Relative Orientation ◽  
Axial Position ◽  
Cylindrical Container ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Air Convection ◽  
Magnetizing Force ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Two-dimensional numerical computations were carried out for natural convection of air in a vertical cylindrical container with and without a gravitational field under a gradient of a magnetic field. The magnetic field and the magnetizing force were induced in the cylinder area and the strength and the vectors of the magnetizing force were dependent on the axial location of the electric coil. Sample computations were carried out by changing the relative orientation of an electric coil and container. In a gravitational field, air in a cylindrical container was driven by both gravitational and magnetizing forces. On the other hand, the air flow was induced by the magnetizing force even in a non-gravitational field. Flow pattern and the heat transfer rate greatly depended on the axial position of the electric coil under both gravitational and non-gravitational fields.

scholarly journals Gravitational Fields and Gravitational Waves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Gravitational Wave ◽  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Doppler Effect ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Laser Interferometer ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Light Waves ◽  
Research Questions

The relative velocity between objects with finite velocity affects the reaction between them. This effect is known as general Doppler effect. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) discovered gravitational waves and found their speed to be equal to the speed of light c. Gravitational waves are generated following a disturbance in the gravitational field; they affect the gravitational force on an object. Just as light waves are subject to the Doppler effect, so are gravitational waves. This article explores the following research questions concerning gravitational waves: What is the spatial distribution of gravitational waves? Can the speed of a gravitational wave represent the speed of the gravitational field (the speed of the action of the gravitational field upon the object)? What is the speed of the gravitational field? Do gravitational waves caused by the revolution of the Sun affect planetary precession? Can we modify Newton’s gravitational equation through the influence of gravitational waves?

scholarly journals Generalizing the coupling between geometry and matter: $$f\left( R,L_m,T\right) $$ gravity

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Haghani ◽  
Tiberiu Harko
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
Newtonian Limit ◽  
Gravity Models ◽  
Momentum Balance ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Generalized Poisson

AbstractWe generalize and unify the $$f\left( R,T\right) $$ f R , T and $$f\left( R,L_m\right) $$ f R , L m type gravity models by assuming that the gravitational Lagrangian is given by an arbitrary function of the Ricci scalar R, of the trace of the energy–momentum tensor T, and of the matter Lagrangian $$L_m$$ L m , so that $$ L_{grav}=f\left( R,L_m,T\right) $$ L grav = f R , L m , T . We obtain the gravitational field equations in the metric formalism, the equations of motion for test particles, and the energy and momentum balance equations, which follow from the covariant divergence of the energy–momentum tensor. Generally, the motion is non-geodesic, and takes place in the presence of an extra force orthogonal to the four-velocity. The Newtonian limit of the equations of motion is also investigated, and the expression of the extra acceleration is obtained for small velocities and weak gravitational fields. The generalized Poisson equation is also obtained in the Newtonian limit, and the Dolgov–Kawasaki instability is also investigated. The cosmological implications of the theory are investigated for a homogeneous, isotropic and flat Universe for two particular choices of the Lagrangian density $$f\left( R,L_m,T\right) $$ f R , L m , T of the gravitational field, with a multiplicative and additive algebraic structure in the matter couplings, respectively, and for two choices of the matter Lagrangian, by using both analytical and numerical methods.

The General Theory of Relativity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanoch Gutfreund ◽  
Jürgen Renn
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Rotating Disk ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Relativity Principle ◽  
Non Euclidean Geometry ◽  
Physical Laws

This chapter shows how Einstein has developed and described the mathematical apparatus that is necessary to formulate the physical contents of the general theory of gravity. It first discusses the transition from the special to the general relativity principle. According to Einstein's understanding of such a general relativity principle, physical laws are independent of the state of motion of the reference space in which they are described. The chapter argues that such a generalization of the relativity principle to include accelerated reference frames is possible because all inertial effects caused by acceleration can be alternatively attributed to the presence of a gravitational field. The model of a rotating disk is then used to show that general relativity implies non-Euclidean geometry and that the gravitational field is represented by curved spacetime. After the introduction of these basic concepts and principles, the chapter presents the mathematical formulation of the theory.

MULTI-SCALE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS ON FLUID–SOLID COUPLING FOR OSTEONS IN VARIOUS GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAO ZHANG ◽  
HAI-YING LIU ◽  
CHUN-QIU ZHANG ◽  
ZHEN-ZHONG LIU ◽  
WEI WANG
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Fluid Shear Stress ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Gravity Gradient ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Earth’S Gravitational Field ◽  
Mechanical Microenvironment

Background: Compact bone mainly consists of cylindrical osteon structures. In microgravity, the change in the mechanical microenvironment of osteocytes might be the root cause of astronauts’ bone loss during space flights. Methods: A multi-scale three-dimensional (3D) fluid–solid coupling finite element model of osteons with a two-stage pore structure was developed using COMSOL software based on the natural structure of osteocytes. Gradients in gravitational fields of [Formula: see text]1, 0, 1, 2.5, and 3.7[Formula: see text]g were used to investigate the changes in the mechanical microenvironment on osteocyte structure. The difference in arteriole pulsating pressure and static compression stress caused by each gravity gradient was investigated. Results: The mechanical response of osteocytes increased with the value of g, compared with the Earth’s gravitational field. For instance, the fluid pressure of osteocytes and the von Mises stress of bone matrix near lacunae decreased by 31.3% and 99.9%, respectively, in microgravity. Under static loading, only about 16.7% of osteocytes in microgravity and 58.3% of osteocytes in the Earth’s gravitational field could reach the fluid shear stress threshold of biological reactions in cell culture experiments. Compared with the Earth’s gravitational field, the pressure gradient inside osteocytes severely decreased in microgravity. Conclusion: The mechanical microenvironment of osteocytes in microgravity might cause significant changes in the mechanical microenvironment of osteocytes, which may lead to disuse osteoporosis in astronauts.

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