The French Empire Goes to San Francisco

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-55
Author(s):  
Jessica Lynne Pearson
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
International Organization ◽  
French Empire ◽  
Equal Footing ◽  
American Press ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
At Home

This article explores the French delegation’s approach to debates about colonial oversight and accountability that took place at the Conference on International Organization in San Francisco in 1945, where delegates from fifty nations gathered to draft the United Nations (UN) Charter. Drawing on documents from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the UN, and the American press, it argues that while French officials at home and in the empire were eagerly negotiating a new French Union that would put metropolitan France and the colonies on unprecedently equal footing, French delegates to the San Francisco conference were unwilling to take a stand for these reforms-in-progress. Ultimately, French delegates to the conference lacked confidence that the incipient French Union would stand up to international scrutiny as these delegates worked to establish new international standards for what constituted “self-government.”

The world’s repository at 75: a history of the United Nations Archives*

Comma ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Gelfand
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Records Management ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Administrative Structures

Seventy-five years ago (1945), the United Nations (UN) was founded in San Francisco by 50 nations. There, a small archives unit served to assemble the first records of the organization; this was the first iteration of today’s Archives and Records Management Section (ARMS). Throughout its history, the fortunes of the UN Archives have waxed and waned, while its role has continuously evolved. Trying to carve out a place for itself within the largest international organization in the world, its physical and administrative structures have undergone profound changes, as has its mission, number of staff, the type of records it holds and its users. This paper examines significant events in the development of the UN Archives, the challenges it has faced and what may be learned from them.

Regionalism and the United Nations

1965 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 788-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis O. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Douglas Macarthur ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Universe

Old soldiers may “just fade away” as General Douglas MacArthur reminded us, but the controversy over the relative merits of regionalism and globalism in international organization will ever be with us. That question generated as much heat as any other issue at San Francisco in 1945 with the possible exception of the veto. In more recent years the inadequacies of the United Nations, the changing nature of the Cold War, the growth and expansion of regional organizations, the proliferation of nuclear weapons, and the continued shrinking of the universe have kept the heat of this controversy at a relatively high level.

The Addition of Arabic as an Official and Working Language of the UN General Assembly and at Diplomatic Conferences

1978 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mala Tabory
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
International Organization ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rules Of Procedure ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations Charter

The United Nations Conference on International Organization (San Francisco, 25 April to 26 June 1945) initiated an era of quinquilingualism in the conduct of international organizational affairs, with Chinese, Russian, Spanish, English and French serving as its official languages, and the latter two as its working languages. The text of the United Nations Charter, according to Article 111, is authentic in these five languages. The distinction between official and working languages introduced at San Francisco set the pattern for linguistic practices at the United Nations. Each organ of the United Nations has since adopted language procedures suitable to its requirements, with the practices of the General Assembly initially following the pattern of the same two working languages and five official languages established at San Francisco. According to the rules of procedure of the General Assembly as in force until 1 January 1974, working languages were those in which verbatim records and the Journal were issued and into which all speeches were translated; as for the official languages, all resolutions, important documents and summary records were made available in them, and verbatim records and documents only upon the request of a delegation.Spanish was added to English and French as the third working language of the General Assembly on 7 December 1948. Two proposals for the inclusion of Russian and Chinese respectively among the working languages of the General Assembly were rejected in 1949. The General Assembly's rules of procedure were not further altered in this respect until 21 December 1968, when Russian was included among its working languages. An amendment submitted on that occasion by (Nationalist) China with a view to eliminating the distinction between official and working languages in the General Assembly and Security Council by granting Chinese the status of a working language was rejected. Chinese was included among the working languages of the General Assembly on 18 December 1973. At that point all five Charter languages acquired both official and working language status, and the distinction between the two classes of languages ceased to have practical relevance.

Power Politics and International Organization

1945 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert W. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Sovereign Equality ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Unanimous Consent

The Charter of the United Nations, signed at San Francisco on June 26, 1945, states in Article 2 (1) that “ the Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.” Since the outstanding characteristics of the Charter are its recognition of the actual and legal inequality of the Members of the United Nations, and its provisions empowering the Organization to take action, binding on its Members, without their unanimous consent, an understanding of the Charter will be enhanced by placing its dominant features in their conceptual and historical setting.

scholarly journals The origins of international organizations and the mission of education: intellectual projects of the League of Nations and global goals of the UN and UNESCO in education management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ю.А. Горячев ◽  
В.Ф. Захаров
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Education Management ◽  
The United Nations

Вслед за подготовкой и публикацией статьи «На пути к международным стандартам образования: от педагогики мыслителей ранних эпох к современным подходам (часть первая)» специалистами факультета регионоведения и этнокультурного образования МПГУ подготовлена вторая часть, повествующая о становлении международных организаций и миссии образования: интеллектуальных проектах Лиги Наций и глобальных целях ООН и ЮНЕСКО в управлении образованием. Авторы рассказывают о зарождении международных организаций в эпоху античного греческого мира и Древнего Востока, о возникновении римского права, католического канонического права, норм Корана и их влияния на формирование международного права. В статье уделяется внимание первым попыткам гуманизации законов и обычаев войны, признания государственного суверенитета как основы принципов международного права. Представлена картина формирования сети международных межправительственных организаций, основанных на договорах и обладающих согласованной компетенцией и постоянными органами функционирования. Дается описание предпосылок возникновения, процедур разработки нормативных документов и создания таких организаций, как Лига Наций, Организация Объединенных Наций, Организация Объединенных Наций по вопросам образования, науки и культуры. Изложены этапы совместной работы государств — инициаторов создания ООН в годы Второй мировой войны (в том числе в ходе конференций в Москве, Тегеране, Ялте, Думбартон-Оксе), успешно завершившиеся принятием Устава ООН государствами — участниками Генеральной конференции в Сан-Франциско. Предусмотрена также публикация третьей части по вопросам международного сотрудничества в сфере образования, в которой будут представлены нормативно-правовые документы глобального и регионального уровня по вопросам образовательного сотрудничества. After the article «Towards international standards of education: from pedagogy of early thinkers to modern approaches (part one)» had been published the specialists of the Faculty of regional studies and ethnocultural education of ISHE prepared the second part. It tells us about the formation of international organizations and the mission of education — intellectual projects of the League of Nations and global goals of the UN and UNESCO in education management. The authors spotlight the origin of international organizations in the era of the ancient Greek world and the Ancient East, the accrual of Roman law, Catholic Canon law, the norms of the Koran and their influence on the formation of international law. The article focuses on the first attempts to humanize the laws and customs of war and recognize state sovereignty as the basis of the principles of international law. A picture of the formation of a network of international intergovernmental organizations based on treaties and having agreed competence and permanent functioning bodies is presented. The prerequisites for the emergence, procedures for developing normative documents and establishing such organizations as the League of Nations, the United Nations and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization are described. Stages of joint work of the states — initiators of UN creation during the Second World War (including conferences in Moscow, Tehran, Yalta, and Dumbarton-Oxe) successfully finished with adoption of the UN Charter by the States parties of the General Conference in San Francisco, are described. The third part on international cooperation in education, which will present regulatory documents of global and regional level on educational cooperation, is to be published in 2021.

The Creation of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Krill de Capello
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Organization ◽  
National Committee ◽  
United Nations Educational ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The United Nations

The history of the creation of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) encompasses essentially two international conferences: the Conference of Ministers of Education of the Allied Governments and the French National Committee (CAME) which took pJace in London from 1942 through 1945 and the Conference of the United Nations for the Establishment of an International Organization for Education and Culture, held November 1–16, 1945. The latter conference, called jointly by the governments of France and the United King dom, was partially a result of the former and was also held in London. At this two-week conference UNESCO's constitution was drafted and adopted. In this development a part was played by the founding process of the United Nations whose Charter, adopted at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco in June 1945, foresaw the advancement of international cooperation in culture and education. The founding conference of UNESCO considered itself the executor of this mandate. This article will show how the idea of international cultural cooperation was developed during the Second World War at the meetings of CAME, how it was modified by the United States aid policy toward Europe, how it was influenced by French traditions of intellectual cooperation manifested within the framework of the League of Nations, and how it led finally to the creation of a new specialized agency of the United Nations.

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