Recent studies have shown that IGF-1 is a crucial factor for ovarian follicular development in mammals. In postpartum (pp) dairy cows, plasma IGF-1 and estradiol (E2) levels in ovulatory cows at the first follicular wave pp are higher than in anovulatory cows. However, the plasma IGF-1 profile in an ovulatory or anovulatory dominant follicle (DF), which have different E2 production, at the first follicular wave pp have not yet been elucidated. Thus, we investigated the changing profile of plasma IGF-1 levels during first follicular wave pp. In 22 multiparous Holstein cows, blood samples were obtained 2 times/week from 4 weeks prepartum to 3 weeks pp, and the first follicular wave was monitored by ultrasound 2 times/week from 7 days pp to ovulatory phase. Detailed IGF-1 profiles in blood were determined during DF growth and maturation 4 times/day from 10 days pp to 7 days after the first ovulation in 5 ovulatory cows and to 20 days pp in 4 anovulatory cows; the data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, and Student's t-test. There was no interaction between groups and time within the prepartum or the pp period. The ovulatory cows (n = 13/22) with an estrogen-active dominant (EAD: high plasma E2 level with peak) follicle showed higher IGF-1 levels than anovulatory cows (n = 9/22) with an estrogen-inactive dominant (EID: low plasma E2 level without peak) follicle during the prepartum (117 � 8 vs. 91 � 5 ng mL-1; P < 0.05) and the pp (91 � 4 vs. 64 � 4 ng mL-1; P < 0.001) period. Especially noteworthy, during the first follicular wave pp in ovulatory cows, the plasma IGF-1 levels were maintained at a high level until E2 levels increased, followed by an LH surge. We observed that the EAD follicle in ovulatory cows ovulated. To further examine the IGF-1 system in the intra-follicular environment, we used the EAD and EID follicles from ovaries of dairy cows obtained at a slaughterhouse. The EAD and EID follicles were classified on the basis of follicle diameter and E2 concentrations in follicular fluid (FF). The significant differences of factors between EAD and EID were analyzed by Student's t-test. The expression of IGF-1 mRNA was not detected in follicular cells in either EAD and EID, suggesting that IGF-1 in FF is mainly derived from liver. The free IGF-1 levels in FF in EAD (4.8 � 0.5 ng mL-1) were higher than those in EID (2.7 � 0.1 ng mL-1; P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of type 1 IGF receptor (IGFR-1) mRNA in EAD was higher than hat in EID (P < 0.0001). From the results of the present study, it is apparent that the EAD follicle during the first follicular wave pp in ovulatory cows sufficiently expressed IGFR-1, and a liver-derived IGF-1 stimulates E2 production in the follicle to ovulate. In conclusion, our data suggest that a high concentration of IGF-1, secreted from the liver, during the peripartum period may be one of important factors for the appearance of an ovulatory follicle during the first follicular wave pp cows.
Effects of progesterone concentrations and follicular wave during growth of the ovulatory follicle on conceptus and endometrial transcriptome in dairy cows
