scholarly journals 202 Factors influencing pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 117-117
Author(s):  
James Richard Pursley ◽  
Thaina MInela ◽  
Joao Paulo Martins ◽  
Emily Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Ovulatory Follicle ◽  
Wave Development

Abstract Pregnancy loss in high producing dairy cows is significant and negatively affects profitability of dairy farms. It is not clear the extent of pregnancy loss prior to a subsequent estrus or first pregnancy diagnosis. It is clear that percent of cows losing pregnancies are greatest following 1st pregnancy diagnoses then decrease in a time-related fashion throughout gestation. Non-disease related factors that are associated with pregnancy losses in dairy cows include parity, timing of AI relative to ovulation, circulating concentrations of progesterone during growth of the ovulatory follicle(s), double ovulations, unilateral twins, service sire, extent of change in body condition during early lactation, and serum levels of pregnancy associated glycoproteins at 24 or 28 d post-AI. Metabolic changes related to high milk production resulted in a greater chance for double ovulations. A growing body of literature indicates that cows with unilateral double ovulations and unilateral twins have a greater chance for pregnancy loss during the 1st 90 d of pregnancy compared to cows with single ovulations or bilateral twins. It also appears there is a preferential timing of loss in cows with double vs. single ovulations. Levels of circulating concentrations of progesterone during follicular wave development affect follicular development of cows. In a study that controlled progesterone during follicular development, low levels of progesterone caused a greater percentage of cows to have double ovulations and increased chances for pregnancy loss after 35 d post-AI. Lastly, it appears that cows that lose body condition during the 1st 30 DIM have a greater chance of pregnancy loss between 35 and 69 d post-AI compared with cows that maintained or gained body condition during that period. These data lead towards a greater understanding of the potential causes of pregnancy loss in dairy cows and can be instrumental in the development of reproductive technologies to reduce these losses.

scholarly journals Level of circulating concentrations of progesterone during ovulatory follicle development affects timing of pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 (11) ◽  
pp. 10505-10525 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P.N. Martins ◽  
D. Wang ◽  
N. Mu ◽  
G.F. Rossi ◽  
A.P. Martini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Ovulatory Follicle

252 THE ROLE OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 (IGF-1) IN DEVELOPMENT OF AN ESTROGEN-ACTIVE DOMINANT FOLLICLE DURING THE FIRST FOLLICULAR WAVE POSTPARTUM IN DAIRY COWS

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 242
Author(s):  
C. Kawashima ◽  
N. Sudo ◽  
C. Amaya Montoya ◽  
E. Kaneko ◽  
M. Matsui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
T Test ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
High Level

Recent studies have shown that IGF-1 is a crucial factor for ovarian follicular development in mammals. In postpartum (pp) dairy cows, plasma IGF-1 and estradiol (E2) levels in ovulatory cows at the first follicular wave pp are higher than in anovulatory cows. However, the plasma IGF-1 profile in an ovulatory or anovulatory dominant follicle (DF), which have different E2 production, at the first follicular wave pp have not yet been elucidated. Thus, we investigated the changing profile of plasma IGF-1 levels during first follicular wave pp. In 22 multiparous Holstein cows, blood samples were obtained 2 times/week from 4 weeks prepartum to 3 weeks pp, and the first follicular wave was monitored by ultrasound 2 times/week from 7 days pp to ovulatory phase. Detailed IGF-1 profiles in blood were determined during DF growth and maturation 4 times/day from 10 days pp to 7 days after the first ovulation in 5 ovulatory cows and to 20 days pp in 4 anovulatory cows; the data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, and Student's t-test. There was no interaction between groups and time within the prepartum or the pp period. The ovulatory cows (n = 13/22) with an estrogen-active dominant (EAD: high plasma E2 level with peak) follicle showed higher IGF-1 levels than anovulatory cows (n = 9/22) with an estrogen-inactive dominant (EID: low plasma E2 level without peak) follicle during the prepartum (117 � 8 vs. 91 � 5 ng mL-1; P < 0.05) and the pp (91 � 4 vs. 64 � 4 ng mL-1; P < 0.001) period. Especially noteworthy, during the first follicular wave pp in ovulatory cows, the plasma IGF-1 levels were maintained at a high level until E2 levels increased, followed by an LH surge. We observed that the EAD follicle in ovulatory cows ovulated. To further examine the IGF-1 system in the intra-follicular environment, we used the EAD and EID follicles from ovaries of dairy cows obtained at a slaughterhouse. The EAD and EID follicles were classified on the basis of follicle diameter and E2 concentrations in follicular fluid (FF). The significant differences of factors between EAD and EID were analyzed by Student's t-test. The expression of IGF-1 mRNA was not detected in follicular cells in either EAD and EID, suggesting that IGF-1 in FF is mainly derived from liver. The free IGF-1 levels in FF in EAD (4.8 � 0.5 ng mL-1) were higher than those in EID (2.7 � 0.1 ng mL-1; P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of type 1 IGF receptor (IGFR-1) mRNA in EAD was higher than hat in EID (P < 0.0001). From the results of the present study, it is apparent that the EAD follicle during the first follicular wave pp in ovulatory cows sufficiently expressed IGFR-1, and a liver-derived IGF-1 stimulates E2 production in the follicle to ovulate. In conclusion, our data suggest that a high concentration of IGF-1, secreted from the liver, during the peripartum period may be one of important factors for the appearance of an ovulatory follicle during the first follicular wave pp cows.

Effect of 1 or 2 norgestomet implants inserted from days 15 to 25 after oestrus on follicular development in beef cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 133-133
Author(s):  
D.A. Adikpe ◽  
M.J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Ovulatory Follicle

Controlling the timing of ovulation in cows that fail to conceive after insemination would provide a further opportunity for scheduled rebreeding in a group of cows to save time and optimise results. The ear implant Crestar containing the synthetic progestagen norgestomet provides a means of achieving this control (Sinclair et al., 1992; Lowman et al., 1994). Removing the implant on day 25 after oestrus results in less false positive pregnancy diagnoses than removal on day 21 with the implant in place for nine/ten days. However, treatment of beef heifers with a norgestomet implant towards the end of luteal phase to control oestrus and ovulation is associated with development of a persistent ovulatory follicle and reduced pregnancy rate (Mihm et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of treating beef cows with one or two norgestomet implants on the development of the dominant ovulatory follicle of the second follicular wave.

Ovarian follicular dynamics and endocrine profiles in Polwarth ewes with high and low body condition

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Viñoles ◽  
L. J. Harris ◽  
M. Forsberg ◽  
G. Banchero ◽  
E. Rubianes
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Follicular Waves ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Similar Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Follicular Dynamics

AbstractIn this investigation we tested the hypothesis that static body condition (BC) of the ewe affects oestradiol and FSH with implications for subsequent follicular growth and turn-over. Sixteen Polwarth ewes were selected from a flock according to their BC score (scale: 1 emaciated; 5 obese). High BC (HBC) ewes (no. = 8) had a BC score of 4·1 (s.e. 0·1) and low BC (LBC) ewes (no. = 8) had a BC score of 1·9 (s.e. 0·1). Daily ultrasound examinations were performed and blood samples for progesterone, oestradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) determination were collected. All HBC ewes (8/8) exhibited three waves of follicular development, while four LBC ewes (4/8) had two waves and the other four (4/8) had three waves of follicular development (P ≤ 0·05) during the interovulatory period. Overall, the emergences of 33 out of 44 follicular waves were preceded by significant increases in FSH concentrations. Maximum FSH concentrations were detected 0·9 ± 0·2 days before wave emergence. Oestradiol concentrations increased significantly during the growing phase in 38 out of 44 large follicles. A negative correlation between oestradiol and FSH was observed in HBC ewes. A similar inhibitory effect of oestradiol on FSH was observed in LBC ewes, irrespective of whether they developed two or three follicular waves. However, a longer period with high FSH was needed to promote the emergence of the second follicular wave in two-wave LBC ewes. Four HBC ewes had twin ovulations but no LBC ewes did (P ≤ 0·05). In HBC ewes, the follicular phase was characterized by lower oestradiol (6·5 (s.e. 1·0) pmol/l) but higher mean FSH concentrations (2·4 (s.e.0·4) μg/l) than in LBC ewes (8·9 (s.e. 1·2) pmol/l and 2·0 (s.e. 0·3) μg/l, respectively; P ≤ 0·05). The present results suggest that BC influences the pattern of follicular dynamics through changes in the endocrine milieu. Higher FSH concentrations during the follicular phase in HBC ewes, which allowed an extended period of follicular recruitment from a significantly larger pool of small antral follicles could explain the higher ovulation rate observed in this group.

198 EXOGENOUS CONTROL OF FOLLICULAR WAVE EMERGENCE IN WOOD BISON (BISON BISON ATHABASCAE)

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. McCorkell ◽  
W. Paziuk ◽  
L. Smart ◽  
M. R. Woodbury ◽  
G. P. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Control Group ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
End Point ◽  
Wood Bison

Two methods for synchronizing ovarian follicular development in both wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) and plains bison (Bison bison bison) were tested as part of a project to conserve wood bison through the application of advanced reproductive technologies. A secondary objective was to test the effect of a long-acting neurolept tranquilizer, pipothiazine palmitate, on ovarian function in bison. Female wood bison (4 years old; n = 14) and plains bison (2-8 years old, n = 10), previously conditioned to daily examination in a chute, were divided randomly into 3 groups in which 1) ovarian follicles ≥5 mm were ablated by ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicle aspiration, 2) 5 mg of estradiol-17β in canola oil was given i.m. or 3) no treatment was given (control). The experiment was conducted in 3 replicates so that each animal rotated through each of the groups. Half of the bison, blocked by subspecies and treatment group, were given a single dose (150 mg) of pipothiazine palmitate i.m. The ovaries were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography beginning 4 days before treatment and continuing until the dominant follicle of a new wave reached a diameter of 10 mm. No effect of treatment with pipothiazine palmitate was detected for any end point. In addition, no differences were detected between wood and plains bison for any end point. Consequently the pipothiazine palmitate and subspecies treatment groups were collapsed for further analyses. The interval and variation in the interval to new follicular wave emergence were compared by ANOVA. Wave emergence was detected on Day 1.0 ± 0.2 (mean ± SEM; Day 0 = day of treatment) in the follicle ablation group, and was earlier (P < 0.05) than in both the estradiol (Day 3.3 ± 0.3) and control (Day 4.0 ± 0.4) groups. The interval to follicle wave emergence was least variable in the follicle ablation group (P < 0.05) and tended to be less variable in the estradiol group (P = 0.09) than in the control group (residuals, 0.1 ± 0.04, 1.0 ± 0.2, and 1.6 ± 0.3 days, respectively). Ovulations occurred subsequent to estradiol administration in 10 of 23 (43%) bison. In conclusion, ovarian follicular wave emergence can be synchronized in bison during the anovulatory season. Follicular ablation consistently shortened and decreased the variability in the interval to new wave emergence. The synchronizing effect of estradiol was confounded by the induction of ovulation. Progesterone will be added in future studies to control the ovulatory effect of estradiol. Pipothiazine palmitate had no discernable effect on ovarian function and maybe useful in reducing the effects of handling stress on untrained animals. Supported by a grants from the Advancing Canadian Agriculture and Agri-Food Fund, the Agri-Food Innovation Fund, Parks Canada, the World Wildlife Fund, and the Northwest Territories.

scholarly journals 17 COMPARISON OF FOLLICULAR WAVE EMERGENCE AND FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING ESTRADIOL BENZOATE PLUS PROGESTERONE OR GnRH AT THE FIRST FOLLICULAR WAVE IN A CIDR-TREATED, LACTATING HOLSTEIN COWS

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
U.H. Kim ◽  
G.H. Suh ◽  
I.H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Development ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Array Transducer ◽  
Ovulatory Follicle ◽  
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Ovulatory Follicles

Treatment with GnRH in a controlled internal drug release (CIDR)-based timed AI protocol induced synchronized follicular wave emergence, a large ovulatory follicle, and synchronous ovulation following a second injection of GnRH, while follicular wave emergence was relatively asynchronous in the estradiol benzoate (EB)-treated cows resulting in ovulation of smaller ovulatory follicles (Kim et al. 2004 Theriogenology, in press). In this study, we compared new follicular wave emergence and follicular development following treatment with EB plus progesterone (P4) or GnRH at the first follicular wave in CIDR-treated, lactating Holstein cows. Previously synchronized, lactating Holstein cows (n = 20) received a CIDR (CIDR™, InterAg, Hamilton, New Zealand, Day 0) 3 to 8 days after ovulation and were randomly assigned to two treatments: cows in the GnRH group (n = 10) received 100 μg fertirelin acetate i.m. (GnRH, Conceral, Dongbang Co., Seoul, Korea) and those in the E/P group (n = 10) received 2 mg EB (SY Esrone, Samyang, Seoul, Korea) and 50 mg P4 i.m. (SY Ovaron, Samyang, Seoul, Korea) at that time. Thereafter, all animals received PGF2α (Lutalyse, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Puurs, Belgium) at the time of CIDR removal on Day 7, and GnRH on Day 9. Ovaries of each cow were examined by transrectal ultrasonography (Sonoace 600 with 5.0 MHz linear-array transducer; Medison Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) every 24 h from Days 0 to 9, on Day 11, and on Day 14 of treatment to observe changes in ovarian structures (follicles and CL). Data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test and Student's t-test using an SAS program. Follicular wave emergence occurred within 7 days in 9/10 GnRH- and 8/10 E/P-treated cows (P > 0.05). The interval to wave emergence was longer (P < 0.01) in the E/P group (5.9 ± 0.5 days) than in the GnRH group (2.9 ± 0.4 days). While diameters of dominant follicles on Day 0 were not different (P > 0.05) between groups, diameters on Day 7 and Day 9 in the E/P group (9.4 ± 0.4 and 13.1 ± 0.7 mm, respectively) were significantly smaller (P < 0.01) than those in the GnRH group (12.9 ± 0.5 and 15.8 ± 0.7 mm, respectively). Growth rates of preovulatory follicles in the E/P group (2.1 ± 0.2 mm/day) were greater (P < 0.01) than in the GnRH group (1.2 ± 0.1 mm/day), while the duration of dominance of the preovulatory follicle was longer (P < 0.01) in the GnRH group (6.3 ± 0.4 days) than in the E/P group (3.3 ± 0.5 days). Synchronized ovulation by 40 h after the GnRH injection (Day 11) occurred in 10/10 GnRH- and 9/10 E/P-treated cows (P > 0.05). Results suggest that estradiol benzoate plus progesterone administered at the first follicular wave in CIDR-treated, lactating Holstein cows delays new follicular wave emergence, resulting in ovulation of smaller ovulatory follicles than GnRH. Endocrine changes during treatment and fertility following timed AI has been investigated in this study.

Observed and expected combined effects of clinical mastitis and low body condition on pregnancy loss in dairy cows

2012 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Hernandez ◽  
Carlos A. Risco ◽  
Fabio S. Lima ◽  
Jose E.P. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Combined Effects
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