NICOBARESE LANGUAGES AND OLD KHMER: FORMS OF DEPENDENT PREDICATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 317-332
Author(s):  
T. G. Pogibenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Nicobar Islands ◽  
Austroasiatic Languages

The aim of this article is to show that Nicobarese languages Car and Nancowry, which are modern vernacular idioms of the indigenous population of the Nicobar Islands, and Old Khmer — the language of epigraphic inscriptions of 7th–15th A.D., possess a considerable fragment of grammatical system, which coincides in almost every detail. That is the system of forms of dependent predication, i.e. synthetic forms with allomorphs of labial and dental infixes and analytical forms with the marker ta. This fact is somewhat challenging since Nicobarese and Khmer are distant relatives, typologically different, they have different status and temporal affiliation. Data analysis shows that forms with ta in Nicobarese and Old Khmer are used in the same types of dependent predications, i.e. in verb, adjective, noun, pronoun, numeral modifiers, in relative clauses and clauses of time and reason, as well as in sentences with rheme shift. Infixed forms in the languages under comparison underwent lexicalization. However, as a relic they are still used in dependent predications of some types. In the languages compared we find similar examples of variation and dubbing of means marking dependent predication which successively replaced one another on the diachronic scale, i. e. infixed forms and forms with ta, forms with ta and conjunctions. Coincidence of the functional domain of forms of dependent predication in Nicobarese and Old Khmer is unique and cannot be found anywhere else all over the Austroasiatic phylum. In other Austroasiatic languages those forms are either extinct, or preserved as lexicalized units, or else are found in odd relic functions, e.g. the possession suffix ta in Santali.

scholarly journals Clausal parentheticals, intonational phrasing, and prosodic theory

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLE DEHÉ
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Large Set ◽  
British English ◽  
Tonal Structure ◽  
Syntactic Relation ◽  
Restrictive Relative Clauses ◽  
Intonational Phrases

This paper investigates the intonational phrasing of three types of parenthetical insertions – non-restrictive relative clauses (NRRCs), full sentences, and comment clauses (CCs) – in actual spoken language. It draws on a large set of data from a corpus of spoken British English. Its aim is twofold: first, it evaluates the correctness of previous claims about the intonational phrasing of parentheticals, specifically the assumption that parentheticals are phrased in a separate intonation domain; second, it discusses the implications of the intonational phrasing of parentheticals for prosodic theory. The results of the data analysis are as follows. First, the longer types of interpolations but not CCs are by default phrased separately. Second, both the temporal and the tonal structure of the host may be affected by the parenthetical. Third, CCs lend themselves more readily to the restructuring of intonational phrases such that they are phrased in one domain together with material from the host. Fourth, the prosodic results cannot be explained in syntactic accounts which do not allow for a syntactic relation between parenthetical and host. Fifth, the interface constraints on intonational phrasing apply to parentheticals. Sixth, the intonational phrasing of parentheticals supports the assumption of a post-syntactic, phonological component of the grammar at which restructuring applies.

scholarly journals GRAMATICAL FUNCTIONS IN INDONESIAN RELATIVE CLAUSES IN FOREIGN STUDENTS’ WRITING

Humanus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Anggun Melati Sari ◽  
Andayani Andayani ◽  
Sumarlam Sumarlam
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Degree Program ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Academic Degree ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Foreign Speakers ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
Grammatical Functions

This study aims to describe the grammatical function of the Indonesian relative clauses found on the foreign students' academic degree program at Technical Manager Unit Language (UPTBahasa) University SebelasMaret Surakarta. Data used in the form of writing, the sentences in the written essays of foreign students contained relative clauses. The techniques of data analysis use apportion method and advanced techniques of apportion method. The result of this study shows that the process of relativizationthat occurs in Indonesian can only relate the subject function. As the development of linguistics, the process of relativizationalso occurs in the object. Relativization on object will be accepted when it is altered through the passage process. In addition, the process of relativizationthat occurs can be through the steps, namely the obliteration strategy. The obliteration strategy serves to dissipate the nominative which relating its relative clauses. This research has concluded that the relativizationprocess of relative clauses in Indonesian only occurs in the subject. Then, the most frequently usedrelativizationin Indonesian is the obliteration strategy.Keywords: Indonesian for foreign speakers, grammatical functions, strategy obliteration, relative clausesFUNGSI GRAMATIKAL DALAM KLAUSA RELATIF BAHASA INDONESIA PADA KARANGAN MAHASISWA ASINGAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan tentang fungsi gramatikal klausa relatif bahasa Indonesia yang ditemukan pada karangan mahasiswa asing program darmasiswa level akademik di UPT Bahasa Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. Data yang digunakan berupa data tulis, yakni kalimat-kalimat dalam karangan mahasiswa asing yang didalamnya terdapat klausa relatif. Teknik analisis data menggunakan metode agih dan teknik lanjutan dari metode agih. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses perelatifan yang terjadi dalam bahasa Indonesia hanya dapat merelatifkan fungsi subjek. Seiring perkembangan ilmu kebahasaan, proses perelatifan terjadi juga pada objek. Perelatifan pada objek akan berterima apabila diubah melalui proses pemasifan. Selain itu, proses perelatifan yang terjadi dapat melalui langkah-langkah, yakni strategi obliteration. Strategi obliteration berfungsi untuk melesapkan nomina yang direlatifkan dalam klausa relatifnya. Penelitian ini memeroleh simpulan bahwa proses perelatifan klausa relatif dalam bahasa Indonesia hanya terjadi pada subjek. Kemudian, strategi perelatifan dalam bahasa Indonesia yang sering digunakan adalah strategi obliteration. Kata Kunci: bahasa Indonesia bagi penutur asing, fungsi gramatikal, strategi obliteration, klausa relatif

scholarly journals Folic acid deficiency declined substantially after introduction of the mandatory fortification programme in Queensland, Australia: a secondary health data analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 3426-3434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Slagman ◽  
Linton Harriss ◽  
Sandra Campbell ◽  
Reinhold Muller ◽  
Robyn McDermott
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Folic Acid Deficiency ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification ◽  
Acid Deficiency ◽  
Erythrocyte Folate

AbstractObjective:To investigate the prevalence of folic acid deficiency in Queensland-wide data of routine laboratory measurements, especially in high-risk sub-populations.Design:Secondary health data analysis.Setting:Analysis of routine folic acid tests conducted by Pathology Queensland (AUSLAB).Participants:Female and male persons aged 0–117 years with routine folic acid testing between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2015. If repeat tests on the same person were conducted, only the initial test was analysed (n 291 908).Results:Overall the prevalence of folic acid deficiency declined from 7·5 % before (2004–2008) to 1·1 % after mandatory folic acid fortification (2010–2015; P < 0·001) reflecting a relative reduction of 85 %. Levels of erythrocyte folate increased significantly from a median (interquartile range) of 820 (580–1180) nmol/l in 2008 before fortification to 1020 (780–1350) nmol/l in 2010 (P < 0·001) after fortification. The prevalence of folic acid deficiency in the Indigenous population (14 792 samples) declined by 93 % (17·4 v. 1·3 %; P < 0·001); and by 84 % in non-Indigenous residents (7·0 v. 1·1 %; P < 0·001). In a logistic regression model the observed decrease of folic acid deficiency between 2008 and 2010 was found independent of gender, age and ethnicity (ORcrude = 0·20; 95 % CI 0·18, 0·23; P < 0·001; ORadjusted = 0·21; 95 % CI 0·18, 0·23; P < 0·001).Conclusions:While voluntary folic acid fortification, introduced in 1995, failed especially in high-risk subgroups, the 2009 mandatory folic acid fortification programme coincided with a substantial decrease of folic acid deficiency in the entire population.

Microchemical imaging in biomedical research

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1118-1119
Author(s):  
P. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Element ◽  
Physiological Information ◽  
Functional States ◽  
Elemental Maps ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Secondary Ion

It is well established that unique physiological information can be obtained by rapidly freezing cells in various functional states and analyzing the cell element content and distribution by electron probe x-ray microanalysis. (The other techniques of microanalysis that are amenable to imaging, such as electron energy loss spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, particle induced x-ray emission etc., are not addressed in this tutorial.) However, the usual processes of data acquisition are labor intensive and lengthy, requiring that x-ray counts be collected from individually selected regions of each cell in question and that data analysis be performed subsequent to data collection. A judicious combination of quantitative elemental maps and static raster probes adds not only an additional overall perception of what is occurring during a particular biological manipulation or event, but substantially increases data productivity. Recent advances in microcomputer instrumentation and software have made readily feasible the acquisition and processing of digital quantitative x-ray maps of one to several cells.

Perceptions of a Collaborative Professional Learning Program: Seeing the “Bigger Picture”

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 290-303
Author(s):  
P. Charlie Buckley ◽  
Kimberly A. Murza ◽  
Tami Cassel
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Professional Learning ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Special Educators ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Learning Program ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Related Service

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of special education practitioners (i.e., speech-language pathologists, special educators, para-educators, and other related service providers) on their role as communication partners after participation in the Social Communication and Engagement Triad (Buckley et al., 2015 ) yearlong professional learning program. Method A qualitative approach using interviews and purposeful sampling was used. A total of 22 participants who completed participation in either Year 1 or Year 2 of the program were interviewed. Participants were speech-language pathologists, special educators, para-educators, and other related service providers. Using a grounded theory approach (Glaser & Strauss, 1967 ) to data analysis, open, axial, and selective coding procedures were followed. Results Three themes emerged from the data analysis and included engagement as the goal, role as a communication partner, and importance of collaboration. Conclusions Findings supported the notion that educators see the value of an integrative approach to service delivery, supporting students' social communication and engagement across the school day but also recognizing the challenges they face in making this a reality.

Communicative Performance of Adolescents with Severe Speech Impairment

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth M. Dalton ◽  
Jan L. Bedrosian
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Peer Interactions ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Speech Impairment ◽  
Communication Mode ◽  
Mode Function ◽  
Communicative Performance ◽  
Therapy Room ◽  
Communication Board

The communicative performance of 4 preoperational-level adolescents, using limited speech, gestures, and communication board techniques, was examined in a two-part investigation. In Part 1, each subject participated in an academic interaction with a teacher in a therapy room. Data were transcribed and coded for communication mode, function, and role. Two subjects were found to predominantly use the speech mode, while the remaining 2 predominantly used board and one other mode. The majority of productions consisted of responses to requests, and the initiator role was infrequently occupied. These findings were similar to those reported in previous investigations conducted in classroom settings. In Part 2, another examination of the communicative performance of these subjects was conducted in spontaneous interactions involving speaking and nonspeaking peers in a therapy room. Using the same data analysis procedures, gesture and speech modes predominated for 3 of the subjects in the nonspeaking peer interactions. The remaining subject exhibited minimal interaction. No consistent pattern of mode usage was exhibited across the speaking peer interactions. In the nonspeaking peer interactions, requests predominated. In contrast, a variety of communication functions was exhibited in the speaking peer interactions. Both the initiator and the maintainer roles were occupied in the majority of interactions. Pertinent variables and clinical implications are discussed.

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