Jacques Jean Lhermitte and the syndrome of peduncular hallucinosis

Jacques Jean Lhermitte (1877–1959) was among the most accomplished neurologists of the 20th century. In addition to working as a clinician and instructor, he authored more than 800 papers and 16 books on neurology, neuropathology, psychiatry, and mystical phenomena. In addition to the well-known “Lhermitte’s sign,” an electrical shock–like sensation caused by spinal cord irritation in demyelinating disease, Lhermitte was a pioneer in the study of the relationship between the physical substance of the brain and the experience of the mind. A fascinating example of this is the syndrome of peduncular hallucinosis, characterized by vivid visual hallucinations occurring in fully lucid patients. This syndrome, which was initially described as the result of a midbrain insult, also may occur with injury to the thalamus or pons. It has been reported as a presenting symptom of various tumors and as a complication of neurosurgical procedures. Here, the authors review the life of Lhermitte and provide a historical review of the syndrome of peduncular hallucinosis.

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The induced dose of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was not determinant and proportional to histopathological findings

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckab120.080 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

Maiara Carolina Perussolo ◽

Bassam Felipe Mogharbel ◽

Lucia de Noronha ◽

Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽

Demyelinating Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Control Group ◽

Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽

Histopathological Findings ◽

The Brain ◽

Experimental Autoimmune

Abstract Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, characterized as an inflammatory demyelinating disease. It presents a diversity of neurologic signs and symptoms as well the incapacities. Since the need for advances in MS treatment, many studies are for new therapeutic technologies, mainly through using preclinical models as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This study aimed to observe and analyze the development in Lewis rats-induced model of EAE. Methods It was used 23 females of Rattus norvegicus, from 6 to 8 weeks, weighing around 170 g. Of 23 rats, 19 underwent EAE induction distributed in six groups to establish the evolution of clinical signs. B. pertussis toxin (PTX) doses were 200, 250, 300, 350–400 ng, and four animals as the control group. The animals had weight and scores analyzed daily, starting seven and ending 24 days after induction. Then, all animals were euthanized, and the brain and spinal cord were collected for histopathological analyses. Results The results showed that the dose of 250 ng of PTX induced de higher score and weight reduction. All groups who received the PTX demonstrated histopathological findings. Those characterized as leukocyte infiltration, activation of microglia and astrocytes, and demyelinated plaques in the brain. In the spinal cord, the loosening of the myelinated fibers was observed by increasing the axonal space in all tested doses of PTX. Conclusions EAE was not dose-dependent. Histopathological findings do not proportionally related to clinical signs, as in human patients with MS.

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Transition from Acute to Persistent Theiler's Virus Infection Requires Active Viral Replication That Drives Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression and Chronic Demyelinating Disease

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.78.22.12480-12488.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 78 (22) ◽

pp. 12480-12488 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Mark Trottier ◽

Brian P. Schlitt ◽

Aisha Y. Kung ◽

Howard L. Lipton

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Viral Replication ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokine ◽

Viral Genome ◽

Demyelinating Disease ◽

Rna Replication ◽

Viral Rna ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Active Viral Replication ◽

The Brain

ABSTRACT The dynamics of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) RNA replication in the central nervous systems of susceptible and resistant strains of mice were examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR and were found to correlate with host immune responses. During the acute phase of infection in both susceptible and resistant mice, levels of viral replication were high in the brain and brain stem, while levels of viral genome equivalents were 10- to 100-fold lower in the spinal cord. In the brain, viral RNA replication decreased after a peak at 5 days postinfection (p.i.), in parallel with the appearance of virus-specific antibody responses; however, by 15 days p.i., viral RNA levels began to increase in the spinal cords of susceptible mice. During the transition to and the persistent phase of infection, the numbers of viral genome equivalents in the spinal cord varied substantially for individual mice, but high levels were consistently associated with high levels of proinflammatory Th1 cytokine and chemokine mRNAs. Moreover, a large number of viral genome equivalents and high proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in spinal cords were only observed for susceptible SJL/J mice who developed demyelinating disease. These results suggest that TMEV persistence requires active viral replication beginning about day 11 p.i. and that active viral replication with high viral genome loads leads to increased levels of Th1 cytokines that drive disease progression in infected mice.

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A hybrid between a resistant and a susceptible strain of mouse alters the pattern of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced white matter disease and favors oligodendrocyte-mediated remyelination

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/135245859500100207 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 95-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MC Dal Canto ◽

RW Melvold ◽

BS Kim

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Demyelinating Disease ◽

Phenotypic Expression ◽

Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽

Pathological Lesions ◽

Theiler’S Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽

Encephalomyelitis Virus ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

The Relationship ◽

Myelin Injury

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) produces a chronic disease in its natural host, the mouse, characterised by primary inflammatory demyelination of the spinal cord. This viral infection is considered a very good model for human MS because the pathogenesis of myelin injury is mediated through the host immune response. Susceptibility and/or resistance to the demyelinating disease depend on multiple genes both in and outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The pathological lesions in animals with different degrees of susceptibility vary in both their severity and in their ability to become remyelinated. In general, animals with intermediate levels of susceptibility show the best potential for remyelination. Most crosses of susceptible animals with resistant strains carrying the H-2b haplotype are resistant with only a couple of exceptions. One such exception is the (SJL/J × C57L/J)Fl hybrid, which is susceptible to the disease. To study whether the resistant genotype of C57L/J mice could modify the phenotypic expression of pathological lesions characteristic of the highly susceptible SJL/J mouse, we performed a light microscopical and ultrastructural study of the spinal cord of both parental strains and their Flprogeny. We focused particularly on the relationship between severity of inflammation, and especially macrophage infiltration, and the subsequent remyelinating potential of lesions. The results show a dramatic difference between the ability to remyelinate lesions by infected SJL/J mice vs similarly infected (SJL/L × C57L/J)Fl hybrids, and suggest an important influence by resistant genes in modulating the phenotypic expression of disease, including the ability to stimulate oligodendroglia-mediated remyelination.

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DA RELAÇÃO CORPO-ALMA À MENTE-CÉREBRO: A ANTROPOLOGIA CRISTÃ E AS NOVAS ANTROPOLOGIAS

Perspectiva Teológica ◽

10.20911/21768757v46n129p215/2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 46 (129) ◽

pp. 215

Author(s):

Renato Alves De Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Christian Anthropology ◽

Mind And Brain ◽

The Mind ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Brain ◽

The Way

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que a questão referente aos dois princípios metafísicos constitutivos da antropologia cristã, o corpo/matéria e a alma/espírito, e a forma de conceber a relação entre eles encontra-se presentes no subsolo das novas antropologias materialistas, mas com um novo verniz através da relação entre a mente e o cérebro. Para a antropologia cristã, a existência do binômio corpo-alma é uma questão resolvida. As discussões se concentram na forma de conceber a relação entre ambos os princípios. Analogamente, para algumas antropologias materialistas atuais, a existência da mente e do cérebro é uma questão fechada. Os confrontos encontram-se na forma de conceber as relações entre a mente e o cérebro: há uma identificação ou distinção entres ambas as realidades? A mente seria uma qualidade emergente do cérebro? ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to show that the question concerning the two constituent metaphysical principles of Christian anthropology, body/matter and soul/spirit, and the way of conceiving the relationship between them is presente in the basement of the new materialist anthropologies, but with a new varnish through the relationship between mind and brain. For Christian anthropology, the existence of the binomial soul/body is a settled issue. The discussions focus on how to design the relationship between the two principles. Similarly, for some current materialistic anthropologies, the existence of the mind and the brain is a closed question. The clashes are the way of conceiving the relationship between mind and brain: Is there an identification or a distinction between the two realities? Would be the mind an emergent quality of the brain?

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Philosophy Redivivus?

The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy ◽

10.5840/wcp20-paideia199836620 ◽

1998 ◽

pp. 86-92

Author(s):

Oskar Gruenwald

Keyword(s):

Modern Science ◽

Science And Religion ◽

Scientific Advance ◽

New Era ◽

Stephen Hawking ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

The Mind ◽

The Relationship ◽

Science And Faith ◽

The Brain

Curiously, in the late twentieth century, even agnostic cosmologists like Stephen Hawking—who is often compared with Einstein—pose metascientific questions concerning a Creator and the cosmos, which science per se is unable to answer. Modern science of the brain, e.g. Roger Penrose's Shadows of the Mind (1994), is only beginning to explore the relationship between the brain and the mind-the physiological and the epistemic. Galileo thought that God's two books-Nature and the Word-cannot be in conflict, since both have a common author: God. This entails, inter alia, that science and faith are to two roads to the Creator-God. David Granby recalls that once upon a time, science and religion were perceived as complementary enterprises, with each scientific advance confirming the grandeur of a Superior Intelligence-God. Are we then at the threshold of a new era of fruitful dialogue between science and religion, one that is mediated by philosophy in the classical sense? In this paper I explore this question in greater detail.

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Humility, Free Will Beliefs, and Existential Angst

10.1093/oso/9780190460723.003.0015 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Nadelhoffer ◽

Jennifer Cole Wright

Keyword(s):

Free Will ◽

Existential Anxiety ◽

The Face ◽

The Mind ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Brain ◽

Shed Light

In Chapter 15, Thomas Nadelhoffer and Jennifer Cole Wright investigate the relationship between free will beliefs (or the lack thereof) and existential anxiety. In an attempt to shed light on this relationship, they set out to test whether trait humility can serve as a “buffer” between the two—that is, are people who are high in dispositional humility less likely to experience existential anxiety in the face of skepticism about free will? Given the perspectival and attitudinal nature of humility, Nadelhoffer and Wright predict that humble people will be less anxious in the face of stories about the purported death of free will (or the reduction of the mind to the brain). In a series of four studies, they test their hypothesis, with mixed results.,The findings, however, tell us something important about the current use of primes in studies designed to manipulate people’s belief in free will (usually to measure their pro- or antisocial effects).

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The Treatment of Insanity by Electricity

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.19.87.355 ◽

1873 ◽

Vol 19 (87) ◽

pp. 355-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

George M. Beard

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Spinal Cord ◽

Medical Assistance ◽

Regular Method ◽

Electrical Treatment ◽

Advanced Students ◽

The Mind ◽

Brain And Spinal Cord ◽

The Brain ◽

Methods Of Application

The application of electricity to the treatment of various diseases of the brain and spinal cord has for a number of years been a regular method of treatment with some of our best known neurologists and electro-therapeutists, and the value of such treatment, when rightly administered, is now questioned by very few advanced students in these departments. It is not, however, so well recognised that in diseases of the brain and spinal cord, where the mind is seriously affected, the electrical treatment is also indicated. In some of the asylums of England, United States, and Germany, electricity is now, and for some time has been used as an adjunct to other remedies for the treatment of different forms of insanity; but with a few exceptions the treatment is not systematically carried out, and, partly through ignorance of the methods of application, partly through want of sufficient medical assistance to supervise the necessary details, the results have not been entirely satisfactory, and the cases have not been fully recorded.

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Neuropsychiatry in the UK: planning the service provision for the 21st century

Psychiatric Bulletin ◽

10.1192/pb.bp.107.018432 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (8) ◽

pp. 303-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Niruj Agrawal ◽

Simon Fleminger ◽

Howard Ring ◽

Shoumitro Deb

Keyword(s):

Service Provision ◽

Service Planning ◽

Cartesian Dualism ◽

Mind And Body ◽

No Man's Land ◽

The Uk ◽

The Mind ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Brain

Some believe that Cartesian dualism of mind and body in the 19th century and the rise of psychoanalysis by the turn of the 20th century was what led to the separation of neurology and psychiatry. More recently, conceptualisations of the mind/brain paradigm have helped rediscover the relationship between the mind and the brain, bringing renewed synergy between neurology and psychiatry (Cunningham et al, 2006). However, division is still apparent in current service planning and provision in the UK for individuals whose presentation lies in the no-man's-land between these two historical domains.

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