Medulloblastoma in childhood: results of radical resection and low-dose neuraxis radiation therapy

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadanori Tomita ◽  
David G. McLone
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery ◽  
Radical Resection ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Resection Group ◽  
Cerebellar Peduncles

✓ This review concerns 22 children who were treated from 1980 through 1983 for medulloblastoma in the posterior fossa. Treatment included attempts at radical resection of the tumor and postoperative craniospinal radiation therapy, with 5000 to 5500 rads directed to the posterior fossa and 2500 rads to the remaining craniospinal axis. This lower radiation dose to the neuraxis was used to avoid late adverse effects upon the growing central nervous system of the children. Gross confirmation of total resection was obtained in 13 patients (the “total resection group”); however, nine patients had a subtotal resection leaving a small portion of the tumor extending into the cerebellar peduncles or the cerebellopontine angle, or else encasing the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (the “subtotal resection group”). Six patients in the total resection group demonstrated tumor extension into the cerebellar peduncles, which was removed by means of a surgical carbon dioxide laser without neurological sequelae. Biopsy of the arachnoid membrane from the cisterna magna and cytological examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prior to manipulation of the tumor werecarried out in 12 patients. All but one showed dissemination of medulloblastoma cells. Myelography and CSF cytological study were undertaken 2 months after radiation therapy in 12 patients and were positive in two. There were no case mortalities in the total resection group during the 24- to 67-month follow-up period, whereas the 1-year survival rate in the “subtotal resection group” was only 44.4%. This study suggests that medulloblastoma can be controlled with a low radiation dose to the neuraxis, should a grossly confirmed total resection be achieved at craniotomy.

scholarly journals Conformal Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Ependymoma, Chemotherapy for Incompletely Resected Ependymoma, and Observation for Completely Resected, Supratentorial Ependymoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 974-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Merchant ◽  
Anne E. Bendel ◽  
Noah D. Sabin ◽  
Peter C. Burger ◽  
Dennis W. Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Histologic Grade ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Conformal Radiation Therapy ◽  
Chromosome 1Q ◽  
Supratentorial Ependymoma ◽  
Infratentorial Tumors ◽  
1Q Gain

PURPOSE The Children’s Oncology Group trial ACNS0121 estimated event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival for children with intracranial ependymoma treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and—selectively—with chemotherapy. Treatment was administered according to tumor location, histologic grade, and extent of resection. The impacts of histologic grade, focal copy number gain on chromosome 1q, and DNA methylation profiles were studied for those undergoing surgery and immediate postoperative conformal radiation therapy (CRT). METHODS ACNS0121 included 356 newly diagnosed patients (ages 1 to 21 years). Patients with classic supratentorial ependymoma were observed after gross total resection (GTR). Those undergoing subtotal resection received chemotherapy, second surgery, and CRT. The remaining patients received immediate postoperative CRT after near-total resection or GTR. CRT was administered with a 1.0-cm clinical target volume margin. The cumulative total dose was 59.4 Gy, except for patients who underwent GTR and were younger than age 18 months (who received 54 Gy). Patients were enrolled between October 2003 and September 2007 and were observed for 5 years. Supratentorial tumors were evaluated for RELA fusion; infratentorial tumors, for chromosome 1q gain. Classification of posterior fossa groups A and B was made by methylation profiles. RESULTS The 5-year EFS rates were 61.4% (95% CI, 34.5% to 89.6%), 37.2% (95% CI, 24.8% to 49.6%), and 68.5% (95% CI, 62.8% to 74.2%) for observation, subtotal resection, and near-total resection/GTR groups given immediate postoperative CRT, respectively. The 5-year EFS rates differed significantly by tumor grade ( P = .0044) but not by age, location, RELA fusion status, or posterior fossa A/posterior fossa B grouping. EFS was higher for patients with infratentorial tumors without 1q gain than with 1q gain (82.8% [95% CI, 74.4% to 91.2%] v 47.4% [95% CI, 26.0% to 68.8%]; P = .0013). CONCLUSION The EFS for patients with ependymoma younger than 3 years of age who received immediate postoperative CRT and for older patients is similar. Irradiation should remain the mainstay of care for most subtypes.

Long-term outcomes in children with glioblastoma

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung Sun Song ◽  
Ji Hoon Phi ◽  
Byung-Kyu Cho ◽  
Kyu-Chang Wang ◽  
Ji Yeoun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Radical Resection ◽  
Tumor Location ◽  
Recurrent Glioblastoma ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome

Object Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor; however, glioblastoma in children is less common than in adults, and little is known about its clinical outcome in children. The authors evaluated the long-term outcome of glioblastoma in children. Methods Twenty-seven children were confirmed to have harbored a glioblastoma between 1985 and 2007. The clinical features and treatment outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. All patients underwent resection; complete resection was performed in 12 patients (44%), subtotal resection in 12 patients (44%), and biopsy in 3 patients (11%). Twenty-four patients (89%) had radiation therapy, and 14 (52%) patients received chemotherapy plus radiation therapy. Among the latter, 5 patients had radiation therapy concurrent with temozolomide chemotherapy. Four patients with small-size recurrent glioblastoma received stereotactic radiosurgery. Results The median overall survival (OS) was 43 months, and the median progression-free survival was 12 months. The OS rate was 67% at 1 year, 52% at 2 years, and 40% at 5 years. The median OS was significantly associated with tumor location (52 months for superficially located tumors vs 7 months for deeply located tumors; p = 0.017) and extent of removal (106 months for completely resected tumors vs 11 months for incompletely resected tumors; p < 0.0001). Conclusions The prognosis of glioblastoma is better in children than in adults. Radical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy may be the initial treatment of choice.

scholarly journals Profound hearing loss following surgery in pediatric patients with posterior fossa low-grade glioma

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahya Ghazwani ◽  
Ibrahim Qaddoumi ◽  
Johnnie K Bass ◽  
Shengjie Wu ◽  
Jason Chiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Extent Of Resection ◽  
Tumor Location ◽  
Low Grade Glioma ◽  
Gross Total Resection ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Profound Hearing Loss

Abstract Background Hearing loss may occur in patients with posterior fossa low-grade glioma who undergo surgery. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 217 patients with posterior fossa low-grade glioma, including 115 for whom results of hearing tests performed after surgery and before chemotherapy or radiation therapy were available. We explored the association of UHL with age at diagnosis, sex, race, tumor location, extent of resection, posterior fossa syndrome, ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, and histology. Results Of the 115 patients, 15 (13.0%: 11 male, 6 black, 8 white, 1 multiracial; median age 7 years [range, 1.3–17.2 years]) had profound UHL after surgery alone or before receiving ototoxic therapy. Median age at tumor diagnosis was 6.8 years (range, 0.7–14.1 years), and median age at surgery was 6.8 years (range, 0.7–14.1 years). Patients with UHL had pathology characteristic of pilocytic astrocytoma (n = 10), ganglioglioma (n = 4), or low-grade astrocytoma (n = 1). Of these 15 patients, 4 underwent biopsy, 1 underwent gross total resection, 1 underwent near-total resection, and 9 underwent subtotal resection. UHL was more frequent in black patients than in white patients (OR 7.3, P = .007) and less frequent in patients who underwent gross total resection or near-total resection than in those who underwent subtotal resection (OR 0.11, P = .02). Conclusions Children undergoing surgery for posterior fossa low-grade glioma are at risk for UHL, which may be related to race or extent of resection. These patients should receive postoperative audiologic testing, as earlier intervention may improve outcomes.

Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Partially Resected Meningiomas

Neurosurgery ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. Barbaro ◽  
Philip H. Gutin ◽  
Charles B. Wilson ◽  
Glenn E. Sheline ◽  
Edwin B. Boldrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Tumor Location ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
Intracranial Meningioma ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Time To Recurrence ◽  
Male Female Ratio

Abstract To address the question of whether radiation therapy is beneficial in the management of partially resected meningiomas, we reviewed the records of all patients admitted to the University of California, San Francisco, between 1968 and 1978 who had a diagnosis of intracranial meningioma. The patients were divided into three groups: 51 patients had gross total resection and did not receive radiation therapy, 30 patients had subtotal resection and no radiation therapy, and 54 patients had subtotal resection followed by radiation therapy. The subtotal resection groups were similar in average age, male: female ratio, and tumor location, which allowed a valid comparison of the effects of irradiation. The recurrence rate in the total resection group was 4% (2 of 51 patients). Among patients in the subtotal resection groups, 60% of nonirradiated patients had a recurrence, compared with only 32% of the irradiated patients. The median time to recurrence was significantly longer in the irradiated group than in the nonirradiated group (125 vs. 66 months, P &lt; 0.05). There was no complication related to irradiation. These results provide convincing evidence that radiation therapy is beneficial in the treatment of partially resected meningiomas.

Tumor Tissue Identification in the Pseudocapsule of Pituitary Adenoma: Should the Pseudocapsule be Removed for Total Resection of Pituitary Adenoma?

2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. ONS62-ONS70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Jig Lee ◽  
Jung Yong Ahn ◽  
Taewoong Noh ◽  
Se Hun Kim ◽  
Tai Seung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Adenoma ◽  
Recurrence Rate ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Remission Rate ◽  
Pituitary Function ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Resection Group

Abstract Objective: The microsurgical pseudocapsule can be found in the transition zone between an adenoma and the surrounding normal pituitary tissue. We investigated the precise histology of the pseudocapsule. Furthermore, we evaluated the remission rate, the changes in pituitary function, and the recurrence rate after intensive resection of the pseudocapsule. Methods: In 616 patients with pituitary adenomas (Hardy Types I–III) over a period of 14 years, we introduced intensive resection of the microsurgical pseudocapsule to achieve complete tumor removal. A combined pituitary function test and radiological study were performed on the patients before surgery, 1 year after surgery, and at subsequent 1.5-year intervals 2 to 13 years postoperatively. Results: Microsurgical pseudocapsules were identified in 343 (55.7%) of 616 patients, and the distinct microsurgical pseudocapsules were observed in 180 (52.5%) of these patients. In the remaining 163 patients, the microsurgical pseudocapsules were incompletely developed. Tumor cluster infiltration was present in the pseudocapsule in 71 (43.6%) of these patients. Aggressive resection of the microsurgical pseudocapsule was more often required in larger tumors than in smaller ones. The presence of a pseudocapsule was slightly more frequent in prolactin-secreting tumors (70.9%) than in growth hormone-secreting (55.0%) and adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting (40.0%) tumors. In the 243 patients of the total resection group who underwent combined pituitary function tests more than 2 times after surgery, the surgical remission rate was 99.1 % in clinically nonfunctional tumors, 88% in growth hormone-secreting, 70.6% in prolactin-secreting, and 100% in adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting tumors. The surgical remission rate was 86.2% in the presence of a pseudocapsule and 94.3% in the absence of a pseudocapsule. Preoperative hypopituitarism improved in 140 patients (57.6%), persisted in 47 patients (19.3%), and was aggravated in 33 patients (13.6%). There was no statistical difference in improvement or deterioration of pituitary function according to the existence or absence of the pseudocapsule. The tumor recurrence rate was 0.8% in the total resection group and was 42.1 % in the subtotal resection group. Conclusion: We have shown that tumor tissue is frequently present within the pseudocapsule, suggesting that any tumor remnant in the pseudocapsule could be a source of recurrence and an obstacle to achieving complete remission. These results indicate that intensive resection of the pseudocapsule could result in a higher remission rate without deteriorating pituitary function.

Is gross-total resection sufficient treatment for posterior fossa ependymomas?

2005 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leland Rogers ◽  
Jeanette Pueschel ◽  
Robert Spetzler ◽  
William Shapiro ◽  
Stephen Coons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Local Control ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
Local Control Rate ◽  
Gross Total Resection ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The goals of this study were to analyze outcomes in patients with posterior fossa ependymomas, determine whether gross-total resection (GTR) alone is appropriate treatment, and evaluate the role of radiation therapy. Methods. All patients with newly diagnosed intracranial ependymomas treated at Barrow Neurological Institute between 1983 and 2002 were identified. Those with supratentorial primary lesions, subependymomas, or neuraxis dissemination were excluded. Forty-five patients met the criteria for the study. Gross-total resection was accomplished in 32 patients (71%) and subtotal resection (STR) in 13 (29%). Radiation therapy was given to 25 patients: 13 following GTR and 12 after STR. The radiation fields were craniospinal followed by a posterior fossa boost in six patients and posterior fossa or local only in the remaining patients. With a median follow-up period of 66 months, the median duration of local control was 73.5 months with GTR alone, but has not yet been reached for patients with both GTR and radiotherapy (p = 0.020). The median duration of local control following STR and radiotherapy was 79.6 months. The 10-year actuarial local control rate was 100% for patients who underwent GTR and radiotherapy, 50% for those who underwent GTR alone, and 36% for those who underwent both STR and radiotherapy, representing significant differences between the GTR-plus-radiotherapy and GTR-alone cohorts (p = 0.018), and between the GTR-plus-radiotherapy and the STR-plus-radiotherapy group (p = 0.003). There was no significant difference in the 10-year actuarial local control rate between the GTR-alone and STR-plus-radiotherapy cohorts (p = 0.370). The 10-year overall survival was numerically superior in patients who underwent both GTR and radiotherapy: 83% compared with 67% in those who underwent GTR alone and 43% in those who underwent both STR and radiotherapy. These differences did not achieve statistical significance. Univariate analyses revealed that radiotherapy, tumor grade, and extent of resection were significant predictors of local control. Conclusions. Gross-total resection should be the intent of surgery when it can be accomplished with an acceptable degree of morbidity. Even after GTR has been confirmed with postoperative imaging, however, adjuvant radiotherapy significantly improves local control. The authors currently recommend the use of postoperative radiotherapy, regardless of whether the resection is gross total or subtotal.

Current neurosurgical management and the impact of the extent of resection in the treatment of malignant gliomas of childhood: a report of the Children's Cancer Group Trial No. CCG-945

1998 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey H. Wisoff ◽  
James M. Boyett ◽  
Mitchel S. Berger ◽  
Catherine Brant ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Anaplastic Astrocytoma ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Radical Resection ◽  
Extent Of Resection ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cancer Group ◽  
Fine Print

Object. One hundred seventy-two children with high-grade astrocytomas were treated by members of the Children's Cancer Group in a prospective randomized trial designed to evaluate the role of two chemotherapy regimens. Seventy-six percent of the patients (131 children) in whom a diagnosis of either anaplastic astrocytoma or glioblastoma multiforme was confirmed by central pathological review are the subject of this report. Methods. Patients were stratified according to the extent of tumor resection (biopsy [< 10%], partial resection [10–50%], subtotal resection [51–90%], near-total resection [> 90%], and total resection) as determined by surgical observation and postoperative computerized tomography scanning. Information on contemporary neurosurgical management was obtained from the patient's operative records and standardized neurosurgical report forms. The vast majority of tumors were supratentorial: 63% (83 tumors) in the superficial cerebral hemisphere, 28% (37 tumors) in the deep or midline cerebrum, and only 8% (11 tumors) in the posterior fossa. A significant association was detected between the primary tumor site and the extent of resection (p < 0.0001). A radical resection (> 90%) was performed in 37% of the children: 49% of the tumors in the superficial hemisphere and 45% of tumors in the posterior fossa compared with 8% of midline tumors. Tumor location could also be used to predict the need for both temporary and permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. Half of the deep tumors and 8% of the hemispheric astrocytomas ultimately required a permanent CSF shunt. Improvement in preoperative neurological deficits and level of consciousness was seen in 36% and 34% of the children, respectively. New or increased deficits were present in 14% of the children, with 6% experiencing a diminished sensorium after surgery. Postoperative nonneurological complications were rare: infection, hematoma, and CSF fistula each occurred in 1.7% of the children. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that radical tumor resection (> 90%) was the only therapeutic variable that significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) rates. For all patients with malignant astrocytomas, the distributions of PFS rates were significantly different (p = 0.006) following radical resection compared with less extensive (< 90%) resection. The 5-year PFS rates were 35 ± 7% and 17 ± 4%, respectively. The differences in the distribution of PFS rate were significant for the subsets of patients with anaplastic astrocytoma (p = 0.055) and glioblastoma multiforme (p = 0.046). The 5-year PFS rates for anaplastic astrocytoma were 44 ± 11% and 22 ± 6% for cases in which the tumor was radically resected and less than radically resected, respectively; whereas the 5-year PFS rates for glioblastoma multiforme were 26 ± 9% and 4 ± 3% for cases in which the tumor was radically resected and less than radically resected, respectively. Conclusions. The demonstration of a survival advantage provided by radical resection should prompt neurosurgeons to treat malignant pediatric astrocytomas with aggressive surgical resection prior to initiation of radiotherapy or adjuvant chemotherapy.

Effect of the Extent of Surgical Resection on Survival and Quality of Life in Patients with Supratentorial Glioblastomas and Anaplastic Astrocytomas

Neurosurgery ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Ammirati ◽  
Nicholas Vick ◽  
Liao Youlian ◽  
Ciric Ivan ◽  
Michael Mikhael
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Gross Total Resection ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Postoperative Radiation Therapy ◽  
Resection Group ◽  
Extent Of Surgical Resection

Abstract Thirty-one patients operated upon for supratentorial glioblastomas or anaplastic astrocytomas were studied to evaluate the effect of the extent of surgical resection on the length and quality of survival. The median age was 50 years and the median preoperative Karnofsky rate was 80. Twenty-one patients (68%) had glioblastoma multiforme, and 10 patients (32%) had anaplastic astrocytoma. Early postoperative enhanced computed tomography was used to determine the extent of tumor resection. Gross total tumor resection was accomplished in 19 patients (61%), and subtotal resection was performed in 12 patients (39%). The two groups were comparable regarding age, sex, pathological condition, preoperative Karnofsky rating, tumor location, postoperative radiation therapy, and postoperative chemotherapy (P &gt; 0.05). The gross total resection group lived longer than the subtotal resection group by life table analysis (P &lt; 0.001; median survival of 90 and 43 weeks, respectively). Postoperatively, the mean functional ability measured by the Karnofsky rating was significantly increased in the gross total resection group (P = 0.006), but not in the subtotal resection group (P &gt; 0.05). The difference in degree of change between preoperative and postoperative Karnofsky rating in the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.002). The gross total resection group spent significantly more time after the operation in an independent status (Karnofsky rating ≥ 80) compared to the subtotal resection group (P = 0.007; median time of 185 and 12.5 weeks, respectively). Gross total resection of supratentorial glioblastomas and anaplastic astrocytomas is feasible and is directly associated with longer and better survival when compared to subtotal resection.

Resection for solitary brain metastasis

1992 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Smalley ◽  
Edward R. Laws ◽  
Judith R. O'Fallon ◽  
Edward G. Shaw ◽  
Mark F. Schray
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Brain Metastasis ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Gross Total Resection ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
Disease Group ◽  
Total Resection ◽  
Solitary Brain Metastasis

✓ The authors reviewed 229 consecutive patients treated intramurally by resection of solitary cerebral metastasis. Patients were classified into four groups on the basis of whether a gross total resection or subtotal resection was performed and whether systemic disease was present or absent at the time of craniotomy. Group 1 had gross total resection and no systemic disease; Group 2 had subtotal resection and no systemic disease; Group 3 had subtotal resection and systemic disease; and Group 4 had gross total resection and systemic disease. All four groups were further subdivided into Subgroup A (adjuvant whole-brain radiation therapy) or Subgroup B (no adjuvant radiation). Data were collected regarding multiple patient and tumor variables for multivariate analysis. Survival data for the 46 patients in Group 1A (median 1.3 years, 2-year survival rate 41%, 5-year survival rate 21%) were markedly better than those for the 75 in Group IB (median 0.7 year, 2-year survival rate 19%, 5-year survival rate 4%). The 20 patients in Group 2A also had superior survival data (median 1.1 years, 2-year survival rate 30%, 3-year survival rate 30%) when compared with the eight patients in Group 2B (median 3 months, 1-year survival rate 0%). However, the 16 and 22 patients in Groups 3A and 4A, respectively, had no discernible differences compared to the seven and 35 patients in their Group 3B and 4B counterparts. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess the association of survival with multiple patient, disease, and treatment variables. Poor neurological status and systemic disease were significantly associated with inferior survival, while longer (> 36 months) intervals between primary diagnosis and craniotomy were significantly associated with improved survival. After adjusting for the effects of other patient, disease, and treatment characteristics, adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy was significantly associated with improved survival times. These data support the continued use of craniotomy followed by adjuvant wholebrain radiation therapy for treatment of solitary brain metastasis. However, this aggressive therapy appears relatively contraindicated in the face of either systemic disease or substantial neurological deficit.

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