scholarly journals DIAGNOSIS OF GERM CELL TUMORS OF EXTRAGONADAL LOCALIZATION IN TERMS OF ALGORITHMS FOR DETECTING METASTASIS OF CARCINOMAS OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY LOCALIZATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-133
Author(s):  
О.V. Poslavska
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Unknown Primary ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Immunohistochemical Investigation ◽  
Primary Localization

The analysis of cases of extragonadal teratomas makes it clear that tumours derived from germ cells and mainly characteristic of adult gonads can also occur in other areas, such as the anterior mediastinum (thymus) and midline brain (germinomas of the epiphysis and the area above the Turkish saddle), that requires differential diagnosis with metastases of carcinomas of other origin. Accurate diagnosis of estrogenic germ-cell tumours by only routine staining with haematoxylin-eosin requires high expertise and experience due to their non-specific clinical symptoms and variability of morphological characteristics. Tumour morphologists consider that immunohistochemical investigation plays an important role in accurate histological diagnosis of these tumours. The goal of this study is to explore the expression features of immunohistochemical markers and morphometric parameters of the area, perimeter and "roundness" of the nuclei in various types of extragonadal germ-cell tumours compared to similar primary ovarian / testicular tumours in order to improve diagnostic algorithms. A study was conducted on biopsy or postoperative samples taken from 8 patients (group 1) with extragonadal germ-cell tumours and from 16 patients with primary germ cell tumours of testicles / ovaries (group 2). The diagnoses were confirmed by immunohistochemical investigation on the basis of the pathologic department of the “Pharmacy of Medical Academy” Diagnostic Centre for 2015 to 2018. PLAP and CD117 had the highest percentage of expression in seminomas and gerninomas of both studied groups; morphological parameters were 3-fold higher in area and ̴2-fold higher around the perimeter then the values of normal lymphocytes (p<0.05). Expression of markers CD30, EMA and CK AE1/3 was diagnostically significant in samples of embryonic carcinoma, and morphological parameters ̴were  ̴ 2.1 times higher in area and ̴ 1.7 along the perimeter that exceeded the values of normal lymphocytes (p<0.05). αFP-positive staining was indicative of yolk sac tumours, which morphological parameters were more than ̴ 1.7 times higher in the area and ̴ 1.5 times higher along the perimeter compared with the normal lymphocytes (p<0.05). Taking into account the variability of morphological characteristics and the possibility of extragonadal location of tumours derived from germ cells, immunohistochemical research supported by morphometry is an important tool in the differential diagnosis of carcinomas of unknown primary localization.

scholarly journals Epigenetic features of testicular germ cell tumours in relation to epigenetic characteristics of foetal germ cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (2-3-4) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina G. Kristensen ◽  
Niels E. Skakkebk ◽  
Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts ◽  
Kristian Almstrup
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell Tumours

DNA content and expression of tumour markers in germ cells adjacent to germ cell tumours in childhood: Probably A different origin for infantile and adolescent germ cell tumours

1995 ◽  
Vol 176 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Jørgensen ◽  
Jørn Müller ◽  
Aleksander Giwercman ◽  
Jakob Visfeldt ◽  
Henrik Møller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Tumour Markers ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Different Origin

Global DNA methylation in fetal human germ cells and germ cell tumours: association with differentiation and cisplatin resistance

2010 ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Wermann ◽  
Hans Stoop ◽  
Ad JM Gillis ◽  
Friedemann Honecker ◽  
Ruud JHLM van Gurp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Cisplatin Resistance ◽  
Global Dna Methylation ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours

scholarly journals CDX2 immunostaining in primary and metastatic germ cell tumours of the testis

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1323-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Oz Atalay ◽  
Berna Aytac Vuruskan ◽  
Hakan Vuruskan
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Unknown Primary ◽  
Metastatic Tumour ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Pure Seminoma ◽  
Yolk Sac Tumour ◽  
Immunohistochemical Techniques

Objective To evaluate the immunohistochemical staining pattern of caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) protein in germ cell tumours (GCTs) of the testis. Methods This study reassessed archival tissue samples collected from patients diagnosed with primary and metastatic testicular GCTs for CDX2 immunoreactivity using standard immunohistochemical techniques. Positive nuclear immunostaining was evaluated with regard to both the staining intensity and the extent of the staining. Results Tissue sections from primary and metastatic testicular GCTs ( n = 104), germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNis) ( n = 5) and benign testicles ( n = 15) were analysed. The GCNis and benign testicular tissues showed no immunoreactivity for CDX2. Strong and diffuse staining of CDX2 was demonstrated only in the mature colonic epithelium of teratomas in both primary and metastatic GCTs. CDX2 positivity in other tumours (one pure yolk sac tumour, one yolk sac component of a mixed GCT and one pure seminoma) was infrequent, and was only weak and focal. Conclusions CDX2 immunostaining should be interpreted based on both the staining intensity and the extent of staining so as not to cause misdiagnosis. Teratomas with colonic-type epithelium should be considered in the differential diagnosis if a metastatic tumour with an unknown primary shows prominent CDX2 immunostaining.

Biology of human testicular germ cell tumours

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-154
Author(s):  
Martin F Pera
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Cell Tumour ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell Tumours ◽  
Wide Range

Testicular germ cell tumours are a rare and bizarre diversion in the life cycle of the male germ line. These neoplasms are thought to originate during embryonic life from primordial germ cells (PGCs) which fail to undergo maturation into prospermatogonia. Maturation arrest and the development of aneuploidy in the PGC give rise to the precursor of germ cell malignancy, the testicular carcinoma in situ (CIS) cell. Thereafter, a complex series of genetic changes, coupled with the onset of puberty, can either convert the CIS cell into a malignant tumour made up of cells resembling primordial germ cells (a seminoma), or drive it down a pathway akin to parthenogenesis, so that it acquires a special property shared with cells of the early embryo – pluripotentiality, or the ability to differentiate into a wide range of somatic cells. The latter form of germ cell tumour, a teratocarcinoma, will contain primitive undifferentiated stem cells and multiple somatic tissues representing derivatives of all three germ layers plus the extraembryonic membranes which support development. Pluripotentiality is a property common to the oocyte, the cells of the early embryo up to the stage just after implantation, primordial germ cells, and the stem cells of germ cell tumours (Figure 1).

scholarly journals Expression of Col1a1, Col1a2 and procollagen I in germ cells of immature and adult mouse testis

Reproduction ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuping He ◽  
Lixin Feng ◽  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Yixun Geng ◽  
Daniela A Parodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Type A ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Cellular Expression ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Type A Spermatogonia

The objective of this study was to compare the expression of Col1a1, Col1a2, and procollagen I in the seminiferous tubules of immature and adult mice and to characterize the cellular expression pattern of procollagen I in germ cells during spermatogenesis in order to provide necessary groundwork for further functional studies in the process of spermatogenesis. Microarray analysis demonstrated that Col1a1 and Col1a2 were abundantly expressed in the seminiferous tubules of 6-day-old mice compared with 60-day-old mice, and the expression levels of Col1a1 and Col1a2 mRNA were validated using a semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay. Western blot analysis further confirmed that procollagen I was expressed at a higher level in the seminiferous tubules of 6-day-old mice compared with 60-day-old mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that type A spermatogonia were positive for procollagen I in the testis of 6-day-old mice, whereas Sertoli cells were negative for this protein. Thein vivoprocollagen I staining in type A spermatogonia was corroborated in spermatogonia exhibiting a high potential for proliferation and the ability to form germ cell colonies inin vitroculture. Moreover, procollagen I was also detected in type A spermatogonia, intermediate spermatogonia, type B spermatogonia, and preleptotene spermatocytes in the adult mouse testes, but positive staining disappeared in more differentiated germ cell lineages detaching from the basement membrane, including leptotene spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids. These data suggest that Col1a1, Col1a2 and procollagen I are associated with type A spermatogonia and play a potential role in mediating the detachment and migration of germ cells during spermatogenesis.

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