PREDICTORS OF HIV INFECTION PROGRESSION BEFORE PRESCRIPTION AND ON ART

The search for predictors of the progression of HIV infection to the clinical stage IV in patients before prescription and on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is an urgent scientific and practical task. The study aimed to identify predictors of the progression of HIV infection to the clinical stage IV in patients before prescribing and on the background ART based on the determination of clinical and genetic markers. A retrospective cohort study of 181 HIV-infected patients was conducted. For statistical data processing, regression analysis was used. Independent predictors of the progression of HIV infection to clinical stage IV in HIV-infected patients prior to ART were: male (p = 0,037), parenteral HIV transmission (p = 0,004), conclusion experience (p = 0,020), body mass index (BMI) less than 18.5 kg / m2 (p = 0,040), initial viral load (HV) of HIV> 1.0 x 105 copies / ml (p = 0,034), initial level of CD4 + T-lymphocytes <350 cells / μl (p = 0,000), hemoglobin level below 100 g/l (p = 0,001), the presence of which increases the risk of HIV progression to the clinical stage IV prior to prescribing ART. Independent predictors of the progression of HIV infection to the clinical stage IV in HIV-infected patients receiving ART were: parenteral transmission of HIV infection (p = 0,053), previous incarceration (p = 0,043), low adherence to ART (p = 0,028) , the initial level of CD4 + T-lymphocytes <350 cells/μl (p = 0,020), hemoglobin level below 100 g/l (p = 0,015) and carriage of the 299 Gly allele of the TLR4 gene (p = 0,016).

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Correlation between HIV and HCV in Brazilian prisoners: evidence for parenteral transmission inside prison

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0034-89102000000500001 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 431-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

MN Burattini ◽

E Massad ◽

M Rozman ◽

RS Azevedo ◽

HB Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Risk Behaviors ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Density Ratio ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Incidence Density ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Parenteral Transmission ◽

Parenteral Exposure ◽

Mathematical Techniques

OBJECTIVE: It is an accepted fact that confinement conditions increase the risk of some infections related to sexual and/or injecting drugs practices. Mathematical techniques were applied to estimate time-dependent incidence densities of HIV infection among inmates. METHODS: A total of 631 prisoners from a Brazilian prison with 4,900 inmates at that time were interviewed and their blood drawn. Risky behavior for HIV infection was analyzed, and serological tests for HIV, hepatitis C and syphilis were performed, intended as surrogates for parenteral and sexual HIV transmission, respectively. Mathematical techniques were used to estimate the incidence density ratio, as related to the time of imprisonment. RESULTS: Prevalence were: HIV -- 16%; HCV -- 34%; and syphilis -- 18%. The main risk behaviors related to HIV infection were HCV prevalence (OR=10.49) and the acknowledged use of injecting drugs (OR=3.36). Incidence density ratio derivation showed that the risk of acquiring HIV infection increases with the time of imprisonment, peaking around three years after incarceration. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between HIV and HCV seroprevalence and the results of the mathematical analysis suggest that HIV transmission in this population is predominantly due to parenteral exposure by injecting drug, and that it increases with time of imprisonment.

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Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Carcinoma: Immunohistochemical Analysis

International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science ◽

10.23958/ijirms/vol03-i12/501 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Amol R. R. Rajhans, MD ◽

Dr. Deepak S. Howale

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Breast Carcinoma ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Clinical Stage ◽

Stage Iv ◽

Stage I ◽

Stage Ii ◽

Stage Iii ◽

Cd4 Cells ◽

Infiltrating Lymphocytes

Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women, and the second main cause of cancer death in women, after lung cancer. Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin. In 2017, around 252, 710 new diagnoses of breast cancer are expected in women, and around 40,610 women are likely to die from the disease. Awareness of the symptoms and the need for screening are important ways of reducing the risk. Material and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in the department of Pathology, DCP Consultant Pathologist Shashwat Hospitals, Pune, a total of 38 retrospective breast carcinoma tissues were obtained from female patients. Representative paraffin blocks and haematoxylin and eosin (HandE)-stained sections were retrieved from the pathology department. The patients' records were reviewed to look for the patient age and the clinical stage of the disease. The stage of the cancer was reported according to the American Joint Committee of Cancer. As tissue and patient data was collected in an anonymous way no written or informed consent was required for the study purpose. Results and Observations: According to data by clinical staging Stage I, Stage II, Stage III and Stage IV were 16 (42.11%), 11(28.95%), 7 (18.42%) and 4 (10.53%) respectively. According to histology Stage I, Stage II, Stage III and Stage IV were 2 (5.26%), 11(28.95%), 24 (63.16%) and 1 (2.63%) respectively. Hand E-stained sections showed that tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were present in 31 of the 38 carcinomas (81.58%). Majority of theTILs were T lymphocytes and was present in all 31 cases. CD4+ cells were seen31 patients and CD 8+ were seen in 25 cases. B cells were seen in 21 cases. TILs were analysed according to the clinical stage of breast cancer, stages III and IV tumors showed significantly higher densities of total lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and CD4+ lymphocytes as compared to stage II tumors. Lymphocyte immuno phenotypes and the total TILs also showed a high significantly positive correlation between each lymphocyte population/subpopulation and the total TILs. Conclusion: T and B lymphocytes were expressed in breast carcinoma with High prevalence of T lymphocytes CD4+ cells. However larger no of cases are required to confirm the findings and extensive large studies are required.

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CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIV-INFECTION IN DYNAMICS AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY AMONG PATIENTS IN POLTAVA REGION

The Medical and Ecological Problems ◽

10.31718/mep.2019.23.5-6.03 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (5-6) ◽

pp. 20-24

Author(s):

O.H. Marchenko ◽

T.I. Koval ◽

L.M. Syzova ◽

S.S. Rudenko ◽

N.P. Lymarenko

Keyword(s):

T Lymphocytes ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Initial Level ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Clinical Progression ◽

Relevant Issue ◽

Control Center ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

And Control

HIV-infection is a relevant issue of the modern healthcare system due to socio-medical and demographic significance. The problem of correlation between clinico-laboratory characteristics and immunological indexes in people living with HIV-infection and obtain ART remains relevant, and the solution may help to expand the knowledge about predictors of the disease in the future. The aim of our research was to analyze the clinical and immunological characteristics of HIV-infection in dynamics against the background of ART considering the initial level of CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Patients and methods. We conducted a cohort study of 181 people living with HIV-infection – 127 male and 54 female patients, aged from 21 to 55 years (the average age 34.6±0.6 years), who underwent dispensary observation at Poltava Regional HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Center during 2003-2017, for the purpose of evaluation of clinical and immunological characteristics of HIV-infection in dynamics against the background of ART. Results of the research and their discussion. We found that among people living with HIV, young people (90.0%) predominated; among them – males (70.2%); patients who injected drugs at the time of referral to medical care (49.2%); with bad habits (smoking – 49.2%, alcohol abuse – 14.4%) and had experience of incarceration (26.5%). They were diagnosed with opportunistic infections inherent to III and IV clinical stages of HIV-infection, including bacterial (37.0%), fungal (44.2%), viral (35.4%) and parasitic (6.6%) infections. Moreover, 24 (13.3%) patients developed the CD4+ T lymphocytes level ≥350 cells/µl. Examination of HIV-infected patients in dynamics showed that there was a clinical progression of HIV-infection against the background of ART background in 72 (39.8%) out of 181 patients, 21 of them (30%) with CD4+ T lymphocytes ≥350 cells/μl.

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HEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES OF ENDOGENIC INTOXICATION, NON-SPECIFIC REACTIVITY AND INFLAMMATION ACTIVITY INDICES IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS

Wiadomości Lekarskie ◽

10.36740/wlek202005127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (5) ◽

pp. 983-987

Author(s):

Mykola D. Chemych ◽

Dmytro S. Sosnovenko ◽

Oksana M. Chemych ◽

Oleh B. Berest

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Clinical Stage ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Statistical Processing ◽

Stage Iv ◽

Inflammatory Reactions ◽

Reactivity Indices ◽

Specific Reactivity

The aim: To establish changes in hematological parameters of endogenous intoxication, nonspecific reactivity, activity of inflammation in HIV-infected persons, to improve verification of the clinical stage of the disease. Materials and methods: Anamnestic, clinical, laboratory data. The statistical processing was performed in the Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and IBM SPSS Statistic 23 computer software, variational statistics processing (Student’s t-criteria). Results: 51 HIV-infected were examined (main group) and 44 clinically anamnestic healthy blood donors (comparison group). The study included 46 patients (5 were withdrawn due to failure to meet criteria – severe septic condition). All patients were divided into three groups: A1 – all patients, 46 persons, men 76.0%, women – 24.0%; A2 – 11 people with I-III stages of HIV infection, men 72,7%, women – 27,3%; A3 – 35 HIV infected with stage IV disease, men 76.0%, women – 24.0%. All patients had an increase in intoxication indices and sex-dependent changes. Nonspecific reactivity indices in group A1 were above the norm, independent of gender except the index of neutrophils and lymphocyte (NLR). Below the norm is the immunoreactivity index (IR), the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio index (LMR), the lymphocyte index (Ilymph), the index of allergization (IA). Indices of nonspecific reactivity of A2 patients exceeded the norm and were independent of sex, with the exception of IR, Ilymph, IA, which were reduced. Non-specific reactivity indices are increased in HIV-infected group A3. Below the norm were IR, LMR, Ilymph, IA. Analyzing the activity indexes of inflammation, it became clear that the Krebs index (KI) was increased in all groups of patients; lymphocyte-granulocyte index (ILG) in groups A1 and A3 is less than normal, unlike patients in group A2, where it remained within the normal range. The leukocyte ratio and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ILESR) in A1 and A3 have increased rates, unlike in A2, where the index is smaller. Conclusions: Men are predominantly HIV positive. The systemic immune response is more pronounced in women. There is a progressive impairment of immunological reactivity, indicating an immunodeficiency of the cell type with a decrease in nonspecific anti-infective protection. Patients with stage IV of HIV infection have moderate and severe inflammatory reactions, impaired reactivity, and are more pronounced in women.

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GENERALIZED ASPERGILLOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL STAGE IV OF HIV INFECTION

Health and Ecology Issues ◽

10.51523/2708-6011.2018-15-2-18 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 89-94

Author(s):

E. I. Romanova ◽

E. L. Krasavtsev ◽

S. V. Tarasenko

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Clinical Case ◽

Clinical Stage ◽

Stage Iv

The article describes a clinical case of the asymptomatic course of generalized aspergillosis associated with HIV infection diagnosed at autopsy.

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Clinical and immunological features of psoriasis vulgaris in HIV-infected patients

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2021-21-2-94-101 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 94-101

Author(s):

E. Yu. Evdokimov ◽

Zh. B. Ponezheva ◽

E. V. Svechnikova ◽

A. V. Sundukov

Keyword(s):

T Lymphocytes ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Clinical Features ◽

T Lymphocyte ◽

Psoriasis Vulgaris ◽

Immune Status ◽

Clinical Stage ◽

Psoriatic Plaque ◽

Cd8 T Lymphocyte ◽

Hiv Negative

Introduction. Psoriasis is an inflammatory dermatosis, which has characteristic clinical features and is closely associated with immunological changes in the skin. HIV-infected patients suffering from psoriasis have immunological features associated with the effect of HIV virus on CD4+T-lymphocytes.Aim. To identify clinical features of psoriasis in HIV-infected patients depending on the stage of HIV infection and immune status.Materials and methods. An open prospective study (2014–2018) included 143 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, of which 79 (55.2%) were infected with HIV and 64 (44.8%) were not infected with HIV. The groups were comparable in terms of age and gender. The diagnosis of psoriasis vulgaris was established with due account for its clinical presentation and histologically confirmed in 29 (20.3%) patients, of which 17 (58.6%) were infected with HIV and 12 (41.4%) were not infected with HIV. In a biopsy, tissue samples were taken from the areas of inflammatory and healthy skin in each patient. Numbers of CD4+ and CD8+T-lymphocytes in the biopsy samples obtained were calculated using immunohistochemical staining of biopsy. The severity of psoriasis progress was assessed using the psoriasis lesions severity index, taking into account the body surface area covered by lesions, the intensity of erythema, infiltration and sloughing of skin. In the course of the study, the patients had general clinical examinations performed, their HIV infection confirmed or denied, their immune status assessed, and their clinical stage of HIV infection determined.Results and discussion. Mild psoriasis was less often identified, and moderately severe and severe psoriasis was more often observed in HIV-infected patients as compared to HIV-negative patients. The psoriatic plaque CD8+T-lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected patients grew with increasing immunosuppression and clinical stage of HIV infection; these changes were not observed in HIV-negative patients.Сonclusion. HIV-infected patients often have moderately severe (39.2%) and severe (22.8%) psoriasis vulgaris. The psoriatic plaque CD8+T-lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected patients predominate over the CD4+T-lymphocyte counts, while the HIV-negative patients show the opposite test results.

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T Lymphocytes and Their Cytokines in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Implications for Associated Neoplasias

Critical Reviews™ in Oncogenesis ◽

10.1615/critrevoncog.v6.i3-6.50 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 6 (3-6) ◽

pp. 275-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christian Jassoy ◽

Bruce D. Walker

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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PROTEIN 24 HIV DAN LIMFOSIT T-CD4+ DI INFEKSI HIV TAHAP I

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY ◽

10.24293/ijcpml.v21i3.740 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 273

Author(s):

I Made Sila Darmana ◽

Endang Retnowati ◽

Erwin Astha Triyono

Keyword(s):

T Lymphocytes ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

T Lymphocyte ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Stage I ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Protein Levels ◽

P24 Protein ◽

Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy ◽

Spearman Test

Measuring HIV p24 protein is a test which is more practical than determination of CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and viral load, as it does not require a very sophisticated instrument and requires a lower cost. Independent predictive value of p24 to the decline of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, clinical progression and survival in HIV-infected patients have been reported. In this study, HIV-infected patients were found to have HIV p24 protein levels inversely proportional to CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts by using Spearman test (R2=0.225; p=0.0331). Studies on the correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in stage I HIV infection have not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to prove the correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocytes in stage I HIV infection. Research issue was whether a correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in stage I HIVinfection existed ? The hypothesis was that a correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in stage I HIV infection existed. The study design was cross sectional observational. Subjects consisted of 30 stage I HIV-infected patients treated at the Infectious Disease Intermediate Care Unit, Dr. Soetomo Hospital and VCT Clinic of the Dr. Ramelan Naval Hospital, Surabaya from May to July 2014. Stage I HIV infection is an asymptomatic HIV infection or with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy and the patient is able to perform normal activities. Levels of p24 were measured by ELISA method and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts using flowcytometry(BD FACSCaliburTM). The results were statistically analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test. HIV p24 protein levels in stage I of HIV infection ranged from 1.8 to 10.8 pg/mL, mean of 5.14 pg/mL and a standard deviation of 2.08 pg/mL. CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts decreased with a range of 49-559 cells /uL for absolute values and 4.42–26.02% for percentage values Correlations between blood p24 levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts either absolute (r=–0.392, p=0.032) or percentage (r=–0.363, p=0.049) were found. In stage I HIV-infected patients, a negative correlation was found between p24 levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, in both CD4+T-lymphocyte counts as absolute and as well as percentage values. This negative correlation showed that the p24 HIV levels were inversely proportional to the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts. HIV p24 protein levels have a possibility to be used predicting CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts

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A Qualitative Study Exploring Harmful Cultural Practices and HIV Stigma in North Central Nigeria

Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences ◽

10.31580/apss.v6i1.1200 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 5-11

Author(s):

Bala Augustine Nalah ◽

Azlinda Azman ◽

Paramjit Singh Jamir Singh

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Qualitative Interviews ◽

Well Being ◽

Cultural Practice ◽

Hiv Stigma ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

North Central ◽

Harmful Cultural Practices

Harmful cultural practices have psychosocial implications on stigmatization and vulnerability to HIV infection among HIV positive living in North Central Nigeria. To understand this, we conducted qualitative interviews with purposively selected 20 diagnosed HIV positive to explore how culture influences stigmatization and HIV transmission. Data was collected using audio-recorder, transcribed, and analyzed through thematic analysis using ATLAS.ti8 software to code and analyze interview transcripts. The coded data were presented using thematic network analysis to visualize the theme, sub-themes, and quotations in a model. The findings reveal that lack of education was a significant determinant for the continual practice of harmful cultural rites, thereby increasing the risk of HIV infection and stigmatization. Hence, six cultural facilitators have been identified to include female genital mutilation, lack of education, tribal marks and scarification, postpartum sexual abstinence during breastfeeding, sexual intercourse during menstruation, and gender inequality, polygamy, and inheritance law. We conclude that educational teachings and advocacy campaigns be organized in rural schools and public places on the implications of harmful cultural practice to health and psychological well-being. We recommend that the social workers and behavioral scientists should collaborate with other agencies to employ a behavioral-based intervention in eliminating cultural practices and HIV stigma.

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