PROTEIN 24 HIV DAN LIMFOSIT T-CD4+ DI INFEKSI HIV TAHAP I

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
I Made Sila Darmana ◽  
Endang Retnowati ◽  
Erwin Astha Triyono
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
P24 Protein ◽  
Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Spearman Test

Measuring HIV p24 protein is a test which is more practical than determination of CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and viral load, as it does not require a very sophisticated instrument and requires a lower cost. Independent predictive value of p24 to the decline of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, clinical progression and survival in HIV-infected patients have been reported. In this study, HIV-infected patients were found to have HIV p24 protein levels inversely proportional to CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts by using Spearman test (R2=0.225; p=0.0331). Studies on the correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in stage I HIV infection have not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to prove the correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocytes in stage I HIV infection. Research issue was whether a correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in stage I HIVinfection existed ? The hypothesis was that a correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in stage I HIV infection existed. The study design was cross sectional observational. Subjects consisted of 30 stage I HIV-infected patients treated at the Infectious Disease Intermediate Care Unit, Dr. Soetomo Hospital and VCT Clinic of the Dr. Ramelan Naval Hospital, Surabaya from May to July 2014. Stage I HIV infection is an asymptomatic HIV infection or with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy and the patient is able to perform normal activities. Levels of p24 were measured by ELISA method and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts using flowcytometry(BD FACSCaliburTM). The results were statistically analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test. HIV p24 protein levels in stage I of HIV infection ranged from 1.8 to 10.8 pg/mL, mean of 5.14 pg/mL and a standard deviation of 2.08 pg/mL. CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts decreased with a range of 49-559 cells /uL for absolute values and 4.42–26.02% for percentage values Correlations between blood p24 levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts either absolute (r=–0.392, p=0.032) or percentage (r=–0.363, p=0.049) were found. In stage I HIV-infected patients, a negative correlation was found between p24 levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, in both CD4+T-lymphocyte counts as absolute and as well as percentage values. This negative correlation showed that the p24 HIV levels were inversely proportional to the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts. HIV p24 protein levels have a possibility to be used predicting CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts

scholarly journals PROTEIN 24 HIV DAN LIMFOSIT T-CD4+ DI INFEKSI HIV TAHAP I (HIV p24 Protein and CD4+ T-lymphocyte in Stage I HIV infection)

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
I Made Sila Darmana ◽  
Endang Retnowati ◽  
Erwin Astha Triyono
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
P24 Protein ◽  
Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Spearman Test

Measuring HIV p24 protein is a test which is more practical than determination of CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and viral load, asit does not require a very sophisticated instrument and requires a lower cost. Independent predictive value of p24 to the decline ofCD4+ T-lymphocytes, clinical progression and survival in HIV-infected patients have been reported. In this study, HIV-infected patientswere found to have HIV p24 protein levels inversely proportional to CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts by using Spearman test (R2=0.225;p=0.0331). Studies on the correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in stage I HIV infection have notyet been reported. The aim of this study was to prove the correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocytes in stageI HIV infection. Research issue was whether a correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in stage I HIVinfection existed ? The hypothesis was that a correlation between HIV p24 protein levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts in stage I HIVinfection existed. The study design was cross sectional observational. Subjects consisted of 30 stage I HIV-infected patients treated at theInfectious Disease Intermediate Care Unit, Dr. Soetomo Hospital and VCT Clinic of the Dr. Ramelan Naval Hospital, Surabaya from Mayto July 2014. Stage I HIV infection is an asymptomatic HIV infection or with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy and the patientis able to perform normal activities. Levels of p24 were measured by ELISA method and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts using flowcytometry(BD FACSCaliburTM). The results were statistically analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test. HIV p24 protein levels in stage I of HIVinfection ranged from 1.8 to 10.8 pg/mL, mean of 5.14 pg/mL and a standard deviation of 2.08 pg/mL. CD4+ T-lymphocyte countsdecreased with a range of 49-559 cells /uL for absolute values and 4.42–26.02% for percentage values Correlations between blood p24levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts either absolute (r=–0.392, p=0.032) or percentage (r=–0.363, p=0.049) were found. In stageI HIV-infected patients, a negative correlation was found between p24 levels and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, in both CD4+T-lymphocytecounts as absolute and as well as percentage values. This negative correlation showed that the p24 HIV levels were inversely proportionalto the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts. HIV p24 protein levels have a possibility to be used predicting CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts.

scholarly journals KADAR TGF-β1 PLASMA DAN LIMFOSIT-T CD4+DI PENDERITA YANG TERINFEKSI HIV STADIUM I

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Alberthina Alberthina ◽  
Endang R ◽  
Erwin AT
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Tgf Β1

HIV infection and AIDS have been spread throughout the world and the number of patients continues to increase from year to year.Indonesia is one of the countries with quite a high increase in the incidence of HIV and AIDS. The absolute number of CD4+T-lymphocytesand percentage in HIV-infected patients can be used to determine the stage of the disease, and progression of the disease, as well as topredict the onset of the opportunistic diseases. In certain circumstances sometimes it is difficult to determine clinically and the results ofthe absolute number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and its percentage are still high. So the examination of TGF-β1 is necessary for predictingthe disease course in the patient, because the increase of the disease progress is also accompanied by the increased levels of TGF-β1. Thepurpose of this study is to know and to prove the existence of the correlation between plasma levels of TGF-β1 and the absolute numberpercentage of CD4+T-lymphocytes in stage I HIV-infected patients. The research was carried out by a Cross sectional observational study,the samples were derived from 41 stage I HIV-infected patients treated at the Outpatient Clinic of the Infectious Disease IntermediateCare Unit (UPIPI) in the Dr. Soetomo Hospital from January to May 2012. The examination of TGF-β1 plasma was performed by ELISAmethod, the number of absolute and percentage of CD4+T-lymphocyte were counted by immuno flowcytometry (BD FACSCalibur™). Theresults were statistically analyzed using a Pearson product moment correlation test. It was shown that the TGF-β1 plasma levels in stageI HIV-infected patients tended to increase, as well as the number and percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes which were also increased. Theresult of this study revealed that the number of CD4+T-lymphocytes which were less absolute and more than 200 cells /μL showed nocorrelation with the plasma levels of TGF-β1 in stage I HIV infected patients. However, there was a significant positive correlation betweenthe number of CD4+T-lymphocytes percentage with TGF-β1 plasma in stage I HIV infection.

scholarly journals KOMPLEMEN SERUM C3C DAN LIMFOSIT T-CD4+ DARAH

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
I. Komang Parwata ◽  
Endang Retnowati ◽  
Betty Agustina Tambunan
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Becton Dickinson ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Test

The incidence of HIV and AIDS infection continues to increase despite various treatments have been applied, thus the mortality rate remains high. The examination of CD4+ T lymphocytes number to determine the immune status and the monitoring of therapy has some limitations in facilities and personnel examination as well as expensive costs. The decrease in CD4+ T lymphocytes number will be followed by an increase in the virus number and complement activation, so that the C3c complement levels will decrease. The purpose of this study was to know the correlation between C3c complement serum levels and CD4+ T lymphocytes number in stage I HIV-infected patients by determining them. This research is an observational cross-sectional study. Thirty samples of stage I HIV-infected patients at the UPIPI of Dr. Soetomo Hospital were included in this study; they were collected between July and August 2011. HIV diagnosis was confirmed by positive HIV test results using three different methods. The CD4+ T lymphocytes number were examined using flowcytometry (FACS Calibur, Becton Dickinson (BD) Diagnostics) and complement C3c using Radial Immunodiffusion (NOR Partigen * C3c, Siemens). The results of complement C3c serum levels and CD4 + T lymphocytes number were analyzed with Pearson’s correlation and regression test (Pearson Product Moment Correlation) and Spearman’s Correlation test. The majority (83.33%) of C3c complement levels in stage I HIV-infected patients was still within normal limits (0.55 g/L up to 2.01 g/L; mean 1.39 g/L, SD 0.313 g/L) while the majority of CD4+ T lymphocytes absolute number (80%) were decreased (24-567 cells/μL; mean 295 cells/μL, SD 177 cells/μL). Based on a percentage value of CD4+ T lymphocytes, the majority (86.67%) decreased (2.54-29.48%; mean 13.58%, SD 6.7%). In this study was found that no significant correlation exists between C3c complement and CD4+ T lymphocyte absolute number with p=0.130 and percentage with p=0.217. There was no significant correlation of C3c complement and CD4+ T lymphocyte. This means that C3c complement examination can not be used to predict CD4+ T lymphocytes number.

scholarly journals NEOPTERIN AND CD4+ T-LYMPHOCYTES IN STAGE I HIV INFECTION (Neopterin dan Limfosit T-CD4+ di Infeksi HIV Stadium I)

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Harianah Harianah ◽  
Endang Retnowati ◽  
Erwin Astha Triyono
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Guanosine Triphosphate ◽  
Stadium I

Aktivasi sistem imun memegang peran yang sangat penting di infeksi HIV. Hal ini dapat diketahui dengan salah satu pengukuranneopterin dalam cairan tubuh manusia sebagai pemeriksaan untuk pemantauan aktivitas imun seluler, yang dapat dikerjakan denganmudah dan peka. Neopterin merupakan hasil katabolik guanosine triphosphate (GTP), yaitu nukleotida purin tertentu, yang memilikigolongan kimiawi yang dikenal sebagai pteridin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keberadaan kenasaban antara kadarneopterin dan jumlah limfosit T-CD4+ darah di pasien HIV. Penelitian bersifat analitik pengamatan dengan rancangan potong lintang.Sampel terdiri dari 32 pasien yang terinfeksi HIV stadium I yang datang di Unit Perawatan Intermediit Penyakit Infeksi RSUD Dr.Soetomo Surabaya antara bulan Juli−September 2014. Pemeriksaan neopterin dengan metode ELISA dan memeriksa jumlah limfositT-CD4+ menggunakan metode flowcytometry (BD FACSCaliburTM). Hasil menganalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji kenasaban dariPearson dan dilanjutkan dengan uji regresi. Kadar neopterin penderita yang terinfeksi HIV cenderung meningkat dengan rerata 14,74nmol/L sedangkan jumlah limfosit T-CD4+ menurun dengan rerata 231,81 sel/μL. Keberadaan kenasaban negatif antara neopterindan limfosit T-CD4+ darah di infeksi HIV stadium I. Penurunan limfosit T-CD4+ disertai peningkatan kadar neopterin di pasien yangterinfeksi HIV stadium I.

scholarly journals Effect of Inhibited T lymphocyte Function on Depressive Symptoms in Breast Cancer Patients with Depression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-He Zhou ◽  
Wei-Han Li ◽  
De-Long Zhang ◽  
Bai-Le Ning ◽  
Lin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Quality Of Life ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Lymphocyte Function ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Depression has a high incidence among patients with breast cancer, but the relationship between depression and cancer-related physiological changes is not clear.Objectives: To explore the effect of T lymphocytes on breast cancer depression and the patient’s quality of life.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 93 breast cancer patients with depression were recruited, 46 of whom underwent T lymphocyte, cortisol, BDNF, TNF-α, and IL-1β collection. We analysed the correlation between the indicators in these 46 participants and constructed two intermediary structural equations between their T lymphocytes and depression, as well as their T lymphocytes and their quality of life.Results: The results showed that CD4+ had a positive correlation with BDNF (r=0.334, P=0.023) and that BDNF had a negative correlation with HAMD-24 (r=-0.390, P=0.007). Both CD3+ and CD8+ cells were negatively correlated with cortisol (r=-0.358, P=0.015, r=-0.411, P=0.005), and cortisol was positively correlated with FACT-B (r=0.435, P=0.003). The equations including CD4+, BDNF, and HAMD-24, as well as the equations including CD3+, CD8+, cortisol, and FACT-B, were established. BDNF was the mediating variable between CD4+ and HAMD-24. Cortisol was the mediating variable between CD3+, CD8+ and FACT-B. Neither HAMD-24 nor FACT-B could form a direct path with T lymphocytes.Conclusion: T lymphocytes may be involved in the depression of breast cancer patients since a poor quality of life could inhibit T lymphocytes, and this may be the underlying physiological cause of breast cancer-related depression.

scholarly journals Establishment of Normal Reference Intervals for CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+to CD8+Ratio of T Lymphocytes in HIV Negative Adults from University of Gondar Hospital, North West Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addisu Gize ◽  
Biniam Mathewos ◽  
Beyene Moges ◽  
Meseret Workineh ◽  
Lealem Gedefaw
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
T Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West ◽  
Normal Reference

Background.Reference values for the CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+to CD8+ratio T lymphocyte subsets are adopted from textbooks. But for appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients, correct interpretations of the laboratory results from normal reference interval are mandatory. This study was, therefore, planned to establish normal reference interval for T lymphocytes subset count and CD4+to CD8+ratio.Methods.A cross-sectional study was conducted on apparently healthy adult individuals who visited voluntary counseling and HIV testing clinic Gondar University Hospital from April to May, 2013. Whole blood was analyzed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (BD FACS, San Jose, CA) machine to enumerate the T-cell subpopulations.Results.Out of the total 320 study participants, 161 (50.3%) were men and 159 (49.7%) were women. The normal reference intervals were (655–2,823 cells/μL), (321–1,389 cells/μL), and (220–1,664 cells/μL) for CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+T lymphocyte subsets, respectively, and CD4+to CD8+ratio was 0.5–2.5.Conclusion.The overall CD3+T lymphocytes reference interval in the current study was wide; low CD4+T lymphocytes, CD4 to CD8 ratio, and high CD8+T lymphocytes values were observed.

scholarly journals ROLE OF DISTINCT CD4+ T-CELL SUBSETS IN HIV-INFECTION PATHOGENESIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 236-246
Author(s):  
E. V. Saidakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
T Lymphocyte Subsets

CD4+ T-cell pool is composed of cells residing in different maturation stages. Naive CD4+ T-lymphocytes, CD4+ stem memory T-cells, CD4+ central and effector memory T-lymphocytes perform var-ious functions in maintaining the immune system homeostasis. Despite phenotypic differences, each of those cells can be infected with HIV. Specific features of distinct CD4+ T-lymphocyte subsets determine their role in HIV-infection pathogenesis. By analyzing changes of CD4+ T-lymphocyte subset composi-tion, one can estimate the degree of the immune system damage and make predictions of immune recov-ery under highly active antiretroviral therapy. The article summarizes the main events occurring with CD4+ T-cell subsets during HIV-infection.

scholarly journals Correlation of High Interleukin 17A and Interleukin 6 Levels with High Virus Load Among Subtype C HIV-infected, Antiretroviral Therapy-naive Zimbabwean Patients: A Cross-sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Tommy Mlambo ◽  
Mqondisi Tshabalala ◽  
Tsitsi Bandason ◽  
Kudakwashe Mhandire ◽  
Bonface Mudenge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Cd8 T Lymphocytes ◽  
Cd8 T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cytokine Levels

Introduction: In response to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, activated immune cells produce several cytokines that alter the immune response and HIV disease progression. We quantified Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in an antiretroviral therapy naïve (ART) cohort to investigate their correlation with traditional markers of HIV disease progression; CD4+ T-lymphocytes and virus load (VL). Methods: We enrolled 247 HIV-infected ART-naïve participants into the study. CD4+ T- and CD8+ T-lymphocytes were enumerated using flow cytometry. VL was quantified using the Cavidi ExaVirTM Load assay. IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels were quantified using the BD Cytometric Bead Array Human Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine assay. The Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between log10 transformed data for cytokine levels and CD4+ T- and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, CD4/CD8 ratio, and VL. Results: The median CD4+ T- and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts were 458 cells/µL (IQR:405-556) and 776 cells/µL (IQR:581-1064), respectively. The median CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.6 (IQR: 0.45-0.86). The median VL was log103.3.copies/mL (IQR:2.74-3.93). Low CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts (p=0.010) and CD4/CD8 ratio (p=0.044) were significantly correlated with high VL. There was no significant correlation of cytokine levels with CD4+ T-, CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts and CD4/CD8 ratio. However, high levels of IL-17A (p=0.012) and IL-6 (p=0.034) were significantly correlated with high VL. Conclusion: Our study contributes to the little knowledge available on the role of cytokine profiles in the immune response to subtype C HIV infection.

scholarly journals Methamphetamine Facilitates HIV Infection of Human Monocytes Through Inhibiting Cellular Viral Restriction Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Fengzhen Meng ◽  
xu wang ◽  
Jinbiao Liu ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Human Monocytes ◽  
Restriction Factors ◽  
Primary Target ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Viral Restriction ◽  
P24 Protein ◽  
Major Target

Abstract Background Methamphetamine (METH), a potent addictive psychostimulant, is highly prevalent in HIV-infected individuals. Clinically, METH use is implicated in alteration of immune system and increase of HIV spread/replication. Therefore, it is of importance to examine whether METH has direct effect on HIV infection of monocytes, the major target and reservoir cells for the virus. Result METH-treated monocytes were more susceptible to HIV infection as evidenced by increased levels of viral p24 protein and expression of viral GAG gene. Mechanistically, METH treatment of monocytes inhibited the expression of the antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs: OAS2, GBP5, ISG56, Viperin and ISG15) and the HIV restriction microRNAs. In addition, METH treatment of monocytes significantly decreased STAT1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Conclusions These findings suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism for HIV persistent infection in the primary target and reservoir cells.

scholarly journals Circulating LOXL2 Levels Reflect Severity of Intestinal Fibrosis and GALT CD4+ T Lymphocyte Depletion in Treated HIV Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Sophie Seang ◽  
Anoma Somasunderam ◽  
Maitreyee Nigalye ◽  
Ma Somsouk ◽  
Timothy W. Schacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Collagen Deposition ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lymphoid Aggregate ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Lymphocyte Depletion ◽  
Intestinal Fibrosis

Background: Incomplete immune reconstitution may occur despite successful antiretroviral therapy (ART). Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) fibrosis may contribute via local CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion, intestinal barrier disruption, microbial translocation, and immune activation.Methods: In a cross-sectional analysis, we measured circulating fibrosis biomarker levels on cryopreserved plasma from adult HIV-infected (HIV+) SCOPE study participants on suppressive ART who also had fibrosis quantification on recto-sigmoid biopsies. Relationships among biomarker levels, clinical and demographic variables, GALT lymphoid aggregate (LA) collagen deposition, and LA CD4+ T lymphocyte density were analyzed using simple regression. Biomarker levels were also compared to levels in HIV+ viremic SCOPE participants and a convenience sample of HIV-uninfected (HIV-) samples. Results: HIV+ aviremic participants (n=39) were 92% male and 41% non-white, with median age 48 years, CD4+ T lymphocyte count 277 cells/mm3, and 17 years since HIV diagnosis. Most biomarkers were lower in HIV− (n=36) vs HIV+ aviremic individuals, although CXCL4 levels were higher. HIV+ viremic individuals (N=18) had higher median TGF-ß3, CIC-C1Q, and TIMP-1 (P<0.05) and lower LOXL2 levels (P=0.08) than HIV+ aviremic individuals. Only higher LOXL2 levels correlated with more GALT collagen deposition (R=0.44, P=0.007) and lower LA CD4+ T lymphocyte density (R=−0.32, P=0.05) among aviremic individuals.Conclusions: Circulating LOXL2 levels may be a noninvasive measure of intestinal fibrosis and GALT CD4+T lymphocyte depletion in treated HIV infection. LOXL2 crosslinks elastin and collagen, and elevated LOXL2 levels occur in pathologic states, making LOXL2 inhibition a potential interventional target for intestinal fibrosis and its sequelae. 

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