Know Your Notochord: A Pictorial Review of Notochord Remnants

Neurographics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
M.L. Yao ◽  
V.K. Patel ◽  
G.J. Parnes ◽  
S.E. Slasky
Keyword(s):  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Intervertebral Disks ◽  
Normal Regression ◽  
Pictorial Review ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Ecchordosis Physaliphora ◽  
Anatomic Variants ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Tornwaldt Cyst

Notochord formation begins between the third and fourth weeks of embryonic development. As the axial skeleton develops, the notochord regresses and eventually contributes to the formation of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks. Notochord regression can be variable, especially at the 2 poles of the skeleton, which results in the persistence of ectopic notochordal remnants. These remnants include benign entities (eg, ecchordosis physaliphora, benign notochordal cell tumor, Tornwaldt cyst, canalis basilaris medianus, fossa navicularis) or malignant lesions (eg, chordoma). We present a review of these lesions, their clinical presentations, and their typical radiographic appearances. Notochord remnants may have overlapping features in terms of their location and appearance; however, differentiation is crucial because the proper treatment and management may differ drastically. Familiarity with notochord development aids in understanding the characteristic locations of notochordal remnants. Noting the unique imaging findings of notochordal remnants can often help narrow the differential diagnoses.Learning Objective: To describe notochord development, normal regression during fetal life, and notochord remnants that give rise to anatomic variants, including benign and malignant lesions.

scholarly journals Physical Examination and Ultrasound Evaluation of Patients with Superficial Venous Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (02) ◽  
pp. 167-175
Author(s):  
Leigh C. Casadaban ◽  
John M. Moriarty ◽  
Cheryl H. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Venous Insufficiency ◽  
Duplex Ultrasonography ◽  
Venous Disease ◽  
Venous Anatomy ◽  
Ultrasound Evaluation ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Ultrasound Assessment ◽  
Anatomic Variants ◽  
Tools And Techniques

AbstractSystematic and standardized evaluation of superficial venous disease, guided by knowledge of the various clinical presentations, venous anatomy, and pathophysiology of reflux, is essential for appropriate diagnosis and optimal treatment. Duplex ultrasonography is the standard for delineating venous anatomy, detecting anatomic variants, and identifying the origin of venous insufficiency. This article reviews tools and techniques essential for physical examination and ultrasound assessment of patients with superficial venous disease.

scholarly journals Case series on variable presentations of tuberculosis of the breast

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. e236019
Author(s):  
Tharun Ganapathy Chitrambalam ◽  
Jeyakumar Sundaraj ◽  
Pradeep Joshua Christopher ◽  
Ramyasree Paladugu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Breast Abscess ◽  
Breast Lump ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Malignant Lesions

Tuberculosis (TB) of the breast is extremely rare and is often mistaken for benign or malignant lesions of the breast. They are rare even in countries which are endemic for TB, like India. The most common type of clinical presentation is a vague lump in the breast, but there are even other types of presentations which are documented. In olden days, there was a lot of dilemma and challenge in diagnosing TB of the breast, but thanks to improved pathological knowledge and the advent of investigations such as QuantiFERON-TB gold and GeneXpert, TB can be diagnosed early nowadays and treated accordingly. In this study series, we report 10 cases of TB of the breast with variable clinical presentations as fibroadenosis, breast abscess, duct ectasia and breast lump on evaluation, and the challenges encountered in establishing the diagnosis.

scholarly journals An additional challenge for head and neck radiologists: anatomic variants posing a surgical risk – a pictorial review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Farina ◽  
Davide Lombardi ◽  
Martina Bertuletti ◽  
Giovanni Palumbo ◽  
Ivan Zorza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Surgical Risk ◽  
Pictorial Review ◽  
Additional Challenge ◽  
Anatomic Variants ◽  
Accurate Reporting

AbstractAnatomic variants in the head and neck are quite numerous and occur frequently: a minority of them increase the risk of complications during surgical procedures and may be visualized on cross-sectional images. As some of these complications are potentially fatal, awareness (and accurate reporting) of such variants is a basic responsibility of radiologists, particularly when surgery in the pertinent anatomic area is under consideration.

scholarly journals Clinicopathological profile of paediatric vitellointestinal duct anomalies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
Othuluru Hema Radhika Krishna ◽  
Srinivas Sriampur ◽  
Gaddam Janardhan Vani Padmaja ◽  
Ramesh Reddy Kota
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sinus Tract ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Male Preponderance ◽  
Clinicopathological Profile ◽  
Institutional Experience ◽  
Umbilical Polyp

Background: Vitellointestinal duct (VID) or Omphalomesenteric duct (OMD) is the embryonic connection between the yolk sac and the primitive midgut. Anomalies result from failure of the involution of the VID. Normally, it obliterates between the fifth and seventh weeks of fetal life. They include Meckel’s diverticulum (MD), fibrous band, fistula, sinus tract, cyst, and umbilical polyp. Symptomatic cases require surgical correction. They are characterised by different clinical presentations and histological appearances. This study gathers a single paediatric institutional experience of VID remnants, their demographic, clinical profile, varied histomorphology including the presence of ectopic tissues. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to retrospectively review all the symptomatic cases of VID abnormalities at a tertiary pediatric referral hospital. The demographic profile, clinical presentation, and histopathology were reviewed and descriptively analyzed. We classified these anomalies based on embryology and histology. The findings of this study will provide insights to pathologists and treating clinicians less exposed to these rare lesions. Materials and Methods: Data was retrieved retrospectively from the pathology records of a tertiary paediatric referral institute for 3 years. Histological slides of VID anomalies were reviewed and a descriptive analysis of the findings was performed. A thorough review of the literature was also done on these very rare lesions and their findings compared to our results. Results: A total of 60 cases of VID anomalies were encountered during the study period. There was significant male preponderance. The most common age group at surgery was infancy. MD was the commonest VID anomaly. The least common was vitelline fistula and only a single case was encountered in the study period. Ectopic tissues were seen in 25% of the cases and included gastric and colonic mucosae and pancreatic tissue. Conclusion: The histopathology of VID anomalies provides an interesting diagnostic experience for the reporting pathologist. Awareness of the embryology, presentation and histology of these lesions aids in accurate diagnosis.

scholarly journals Role of diffusion-weighted imaging in skull base lesions: A pictorial review

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neetu Soni ◽  
Nishant Gupta ◽  
Yogesh Kumar ◽  
Manisha Mangla ◽  
Rajiv Mangla
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Diffusion Weighted Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
Routine Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Pictorial Review ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Skull Base Lesions ◽  
Malignant Lesions

Skull base lesions can be related to wide number of pathologies including infections, benign and malignant tumors. Accurate diagnosis and differentiation between these entities is important for prompt and appropriate treatment. However, computed tomography and routine magnetic resonance imaging techniques only provide information on the extent of the lesions, with limited ability to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. Diffusion-weighted imaging can help in many such situations by providing additional information, including help in differentiating benign from malignant lesions, so that appropriate treatment can be initiated. In this review article, we illustrate the imaging findings of the spectrum of skull base lesions, emphasizing the role of diffusion-weighted imaging in this domain.

scholarly journals Posterior fossa extra-axial variations of medulloblastoma: a pictorial review as a primer for radiologists

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz M. Al-Sharydah ◽  
Abdulrahman Hamad Al-Abdulwahhab ◽  
Sari Saleh Al-Suhibani ◽  
Wisam M. Al-Issawi ◽  
Faisal Al-Zahrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Perfusion ◽  
Dural Tail Sign ◽  
Pictorial Review ◽  
Dural Tail ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Histopathological Results

AbstractManifestations of an atypical variant of medulloblastoma of the posterior fossa in extra-axial locations have been reported, and key questions concerning its interpretation have been raised previously. This review illustrated the clinico-radiological and histopathological features of the posterior fossa extra-axial medulloblastoma and described possible management strategies. We thoroughly reviewed all atypical anatomical locations of medulloblastoma reported within the posterior fossa and extra-axial spaces. The main characteristics of diagnostic imaging and histopathological results, primarily the distinctive radiopathological characteristics, were summarized to distinguish between intra- and extra-axial medulloblastoma, or pathologies mimicking this tumor. Most cases of posterior fossa extra-axial medulloblastoma have been reported in the cerebellopontine angle, followed by the tentorial and lateral cerebellar locations. The dural tail sign, which is commonly observed in meningioma, is rarely seen in intra- or extra-axial medulloblastoma and might be associated with other benign or malignant lesions. In addition to magnetic resonance imaging, the proposed new imaging techniques, including advances in modern neuroimaging modalities, were discussed, as potentially efficient modalities for characterizing extra-axial medulloblastoma. Radionuclide imaging and magnetic resonance perfusion imaging are practical alternatives to limit the number of differential diagnoses. We believe that medulloblastoma cases are likely under-reported because of publication bias and frequent tumors in unusual locations. Addressing these issues would help establish a more accurate understanding of this entity.

scholarly journals Demystifying Sacral Masses: A Pictorial Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Senne ◽  
Van Nguyen ◽  
Derek Staner ◽  
James D. Stensby ◽  
Ambarish P. Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Bone Tumors ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Common Site ◽  
Secondary Tumors ◽  
Pictorial Review ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Vertebral Bodies ◽  
Sacral Tumors ◽  
Sacral Bone

AbstractThe sacrum is a triangular shaped bone made up of five fused vertebral bodies. It is composed of bone, cartilage, marrow elements as well as notochord remnants and is a common site for both benign and malignant (primary and secondary) tumors. Familiarity with the imaging features and clinical presentations of sacral bone tumors could be helpful in narrowing the differential diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are the preferred imaging modalities for evaluating sacral masses. This pictorial review will highlight imaging features of common sacral tumors with pathologic correlation. Additionally, this article will review some critical principles and helpful tips to successfully biopsy these lesions.

Currarino Syndrome in a Fetus, Infant, Child, and Adolescent: Spectrum of Clinical Presentations and Imaging Findings

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Caro-Domínguez ◽  
Juan Bass ◽  
Julie Hurteau-Miller
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Presacral Mass ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Currarino Syndrome ◽  
Pictorial Review ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tract Infections

In 1981, Currarino et al described a triad of findings that consist of partial sacral dysgenesis, presacral mass (anterior meningocele, enteric cyst, or presacral teratoma) and anorectal malformation. Currarino syndrome exhibits variable expressivity and the clinical presentation tends to vary with the age of the subject such as spinal anomaly detected in the fetus, imperforate anus in the newborn, and intractable constipation or neurologic symptoms in the infant and older child. At any age, meningitis can be the presenting symptom and imaging is required for proper investigation. Meningitis, sepsis, urinary tract infections, and, rarely, malignant transformation of a teratoma are serious potential complications. This pictorial review describes the imaging findings, clinical history, surgical interventions, and genetic background in 5 children with this syndrome who presented in our hospital in the interval of 1 year.

Comparison of Clinical Presentation and Surgical Outcomes Between Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 127 (11) ◽  
pp. 763-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Gi Sohn ◽  
Seung Jin Park ◽  
In Sun Ryu ◽  
Hyun Woo Lim ◽  
Yong Jin Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Acute Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Surgery Patient ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Anatomic Variants ◽  
Postoperative Improvement

Introduction: The authors assessed clinical presentations and anatomic variants among patients with recurrent acute rhinosinusitis (RARS), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Additionally, differences in the postoperative improvement of each category were evaluated. Methods: The authors performed an analysis of 304 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. They were divided into groups with RARS, CRSsNP, and CRSwNP. Patients had to complete the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20) on surgery 1 day before and 6 months after surgery. Patient demographics and comorbidities were reviewed. We reviewed all patients’ computed tomographic findings to analyze anatomic variants. Results: No significant differences were found among the average preoperative SNOT-20 scores of the 3 groups. Patients with RARS were significantly more likely to show agger nasi cells, Haller cells, and septal deviation on computed tomography. Those with CRSwNP had significantly smaller mean infundibular widths. All groups showed significantly improved SNOT-20 scores postoperatively. Conclusion: The different anatomic variants found among patients with RARS, CRSsNP, and CRSwNP can facilitate surgical prognostic evaluation.

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