scholarly journals Społeczne aspekty działalności dobroczynnej Bazylego podczas klęski głodu w 369 roku

Vox Patrum ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 579-595
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Szablewska
Keyword(s):  
Human Person ◽  
Food Shortage ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Christian Teaching ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Spiritual Suffering ◽  
The Needy ◽  
Vast Range

During the famous famine of 369 Basil, a renown priest of Caesarea, was not hesitant to take up leadership and to successfully face a severe food shortage, which posed a major threat to the inhabitants of Cappadocia. His friend, Gregory of Nazianzus, was careful to point out that Basil’s involvement in the crisis took up a form of gathering the poor, distribution of food to the needy and, far and foremost, alleviation of spiritual suffering caused by hunger of words. In dealing with the wealthy landowners who used to hide grain in their granaries and with the merchants profiteering from this food shortage all he could do was to rely on his rhetorical persuasiveness. In a few sermons (Homilies 6, 8, 9, and also, probably, 7) he issued an appeal to the rich notables to make their grain available to the poor. The vast range of his arguments involved several issues like, to mention only a few, a dignity of human person, private ownership, proper attitude to wealth as such, importance of traditional system of honors connected with the conception of civic euergetism and pagan philanthropy. Basil was eager to make his audience realize the fact that wealth was not given for pleasure but should be reasonably managed and serve as a tool to help the poor and to diminish the scale of social injustice. He also argued that the care of the poor was deeply rooted in the Christian teaching (commandment of love) and practice (observed especially in the first Christian community) and was the best way to gain eternal reward.

scholarly journals Zagadnienie nierówności społecznej w "De Gubernatione Dei" Salwiana z Marsylii : aspekty prawne

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 339-355
Author(s):  
Monika Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Needy

Salvian both recognized and censured social inequality, however, without transposing his critical attitude onto the relationship between freemen and slaves. For Salvian, this relationship was a point of reference, though indirect, to the relationship between man and God. Salvian considered the characteristics commonly attributed to slaves against the backdrop of Christian duties before God. When it comes to the situation of slaves, some Salvian’s opinions on the lord’s ius vitaenecisque are in conflict with the existing law, as, for instance, some provisions safeguarding slaves against owners’ abuse or lawlessness. Yet, such provisions might not have been fully observed in practice. Salvian recognizes some undeniable Roman flaws when examining the issue of exploitation of the poor by the rich. The main Salvian’s objections relate to both excessive financial burden laid on citizens by the state, as well as to the wealthy shifting the tax encumbrance to the needy. State legislation took some measures to remedy this situation, but, as follows from Salvian’s account, these regulations remained a dead letter. Salvian repeatedly touches on the problem of the ineffective state apparatus. In Salvian’s opinion, in the aftermath of the unjust state financial system, many Roman citizens fled to become the subjects of the barbarian rule. Salvian attributed ill intentions and oppression of the poor to the councillors; it was largely due to their tax collection powers. As follows from Salvian’s account, the councillors’ assumption of the function of tax collectors was to the significant detriment of social relations in cities. The author briefly reviews their role with the maxim: quot curiales, tot tyranni. Not infrequently, Salvian’s considerations seem rather selective, particularly with respect to the socio-political situation. In his opinion, the Roman Empire of the 5th century faced a dramatic economic slump, first, due to the barbarian invasions, and second, due to the poor administration.

scholarly journals Towards developing service quality index for zakat institutions

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norazlina Abd. Wahab ◽  
Zairy Zainol ◽  
Mahyuddin Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Needy

Purpose This paper aims to present a conceptual model on service quality of zakat institutions that are responsible for collecting, managing and distributing zakat in Malaysia. Zakat is an Islamic religious “tax” charged on the rich and well-to-do members of the community for distribution to the poor and the needy as well as other beneficiaries based on certain established criteria according to the Qur’an. The main aim of zakat is to protect the socio-economic welfare of the poor and the needy. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews and synthesizes the relevant literature on service quality. The paper then proposed a conceptual model to study the service quality of zakat institutions. Findings The paper identifies the appropriate methods to examine the extent of service quality of zakat institutions. Such evaluations are crucial for organizations like zakat institutions to function effectively to achieve the noble objectives of socio-economic justice through proper distribution of wealth. Originality/value This paper presents a conceptual model of service quality of zakat institutions which would be useful for further empirical research in this area. The findings are not only relevant and applicable to Malaysia but also to other Muslim countries.

scholarly journals "Sit u hier maar gaan staan jy daar": Kantaantekeninge by Jakobus 2:1-4

2001 ◽  
Vol 57 (1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Van der Watt
Keyword(s):  
Christian Community ◽  
Good Place ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Gathering Place

"You may sit here, but you must stand there" -On James 2:1-4 The question is what the speaker in James 2:2-3. Intended when he said that the rich man may sit "here" on a good place, but that the poor man must stand over "there" or may sit "under" his footstool. It is argued that this episode should be located within a larger ancient house which was used as a gathering place for the Christian community. The poor man is asked to stand in the courtyard or may sit on the ground in  the sittingroom. The rich man gets a place on the couches, common pieces offurniture in these rooms.

scholarly journals Islamic versus Conventional Fiscal policy: The Effect of Zakat on Education and Employment

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Asma Raies
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
The Needy

Zakat is one of the pillars in Islam. It is the portion of a man’s wealth designed for the poor.  It is deemed to empower eight specific groups in society, i.e. the poor, the needy, those in debt, those in the wayfarer, the sympathizers, those in the cause of God, those in bondage and the fund administrators. The main goal of Zakat is to alleviate poverty through assistance to the poor and the needy and to achieve socioeconomic justice by closing the gap between the poor and the rich in the society. This paper focuses on the effect of Zakat on employment namely the effect of subsidising education of individuals who fulfil the criteria to be recipients of Zakat, thought taxing rich workers who are above Nisab, on employment. We also compare this Islamic policy (zakat) with the conventional one (namely subsidising education of all individuals by taxing their wages) used by most of countries and evaluates the effectiveness of both fiscal systems in reducing unemployment. We develop a theoretical neoclassic model showing that the conventional fiscal policy does not affect employment, which may justify the persistence of high unemployment rates observed in many developed and developing countries despite the massive public resources devoted to the education sector in these countries. The model proves that the Islamic fiscal policy will reduce unemployment.

Editor's Note

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. i-iii
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Fair Use ◽  
Good Education ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

In this election year, 2004, people are grappling with the various forces that make up these United States. What forces encourage inclusion and which exclusion? Who is to be included and who excluded? Is this to be a country with wide discrepancies between the rich and the poor? Is this to be a country where public education is poorly funded and a good education depends upon private resources? Are we going to forget that discrimination on the basis of gender, race, ethnic origin, and economic status still exists and needs to be perpetually, vigilantly addressed? There is a deep division in the country over the proper and fair use of our resources that constitutes concern in all our citizens

A Final Muse

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wendell Moller
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

Why are kings without pity for their subjects? Because they count on never being common human beings. Why are the rich so hard toward the poor? It is because they have no fear of being poor. . . .—Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile; or, On Education1In Shakespeare’s ...

“One law for the rich and one law for the poor.”

1890 ◽  
Vol s7-IX (224) ◽  
pp. 288-288
Author(s):  
H. Fishwick
Keyword(s):  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

THE FINANCIAL RETURN OF CEREAL FARMING FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
LALISA ALEMAYEHU DUGUMA ◽  
IKA DARNHOFER ◽  
HERBERT HAGER
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
The Rich

SUMMARYA study was conducted in Suba area, central highlands of Ethiopia, to assess the net return, land and labour productivity, and the return to scale of cereal farming practice. Seventy-five farmers belonging to three local wealth classes (poor, medium and rich) were randomly selected and interviewed about inputs and outputs related to cereal farming for the production year 2007/2008. Farm soil properties were investigated to check the variability in soil quality among the wealth classes. Benefit:cost ratio (BCR), net returns and annual profit were used to indicate the worthiness of the cereal farming activity. The return to scale was estimated by using the Cobb–Douglas production function. The results show that cereal farming is a rewarding practice, with the rich households gaining more profit than the poor. Farm size was the most important variable that affects the net return. There is an increasing return to scale. However, it is unlikely that farmers will have more land than they own at present because of the land shortage problem in the country caused by the increasing human population. Thus, attention should be given to minimizing the costs of production through proper regulation of domestic fertilizer costs and increasing labour productivity especially for the poor and medium households. The use of manure and compost as an additional fertilizer should also be promoted.

scholarly journals Vertical position can affect categorization of the rich and the poor in Chinese culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110257
Author(s):  
Qiong Li ◽  
Chen Deng ◽  
Bin Zuo ◽  
Xiaobin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Social Categorization ◽  
High Income ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich

This study explored whether vertical position affects social categorization of the rich and the poor. Experiment 1 used high- and low-income occupations as stimuli, and found participants categorized high-income occupations faster when they were presented in the top vertical position compared to the bottom vertical position. In Experiment 2, participants responded using either the “up” or “down” key to categorize high- and low-income occupations, and responded faster to high-income occupations with the “up” key and low-income occupations with the “down” key. In Experiment 3, names identified as belonging to either rich or poor individuals were presented at the top or bottom of a screen, and the results were the same as in Experiments 1 and 2. These findings suggest that social categorization based on wealth involved perceptual simulations of vertical position, and that vertical position affects the social categorization of the rich and the poor.

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