Rohingya Refugees in South Asia: An Exploration of Social Borders and the Margins

By reviewing the case of the Rohingya, a marginalized community in the postcolonial state of Myanmar, this article (as part of a special section on South Asian border studies) explores the perspective of Rohingya refugees and conceptualizes social borders from the voices of the refugees. Juxtaposing postcolonial borders with narrations of Rohingya in India brings out the politics of the marginalized communities in the country’s borderlands. The article shows how borderscapes are shaped for refugees that articulate ideas of social justice and recognition. Building on international studies of the Rohingya, I conducted fieldwork into the situation of the Rohingya in India. The resulting interviews add to our understanding of Rohingya refugees and address a scarcity of literature on the Rohingya in border studies. Through the analysis, I discover the history of the Rohingya identity in Myanmar, which contextualizes their statelessness. Social borders and state legislation reinforce barriers to citizenship and sharpen the exclusion of migrants, refugees, and other stateless peoples in South Asia. Keywords: South Asia, Refugees, Rohingya, post-colonial states, boundaries, borders, margins, Southeast Asia, marginal communities.

Features of tax control of the new EU countries: the example of Latvia

The paper substantiates comprehensive approaches to the formation of an effective mechanism for tax control of income and expenses of taxpayers in the Baltic States, in particular in Latvia. In order to effectively implement methods of controlling income and expenditure on a legal basis, first of all, it is necessary to start comprehensive and persistent fight against shadow income. Methodological approaches should include: attracting public investment to create an information digital infrastructure for processing declarations; the elimination of shadow flows, as well as the implementation of universal declaration using indirect methods of determining tax liabilities and the general modernization of the tax system. The anti-corruption strategy of modern state legislation should be aimed not only at the inevitability of punishment for corrupt practices, but also at the consistent elimination of the conditions for corruption.

Unfair Terms in Standard Form Consumer Contracts

<p>This paper explores the amendments to the Fair trading Act 1986 introducing provisions preventing the use of unfair terms in standard form consumer contracts. The amendments are drafted in close line with Australian federal and state legislation addressing unfair terms. This paper outlines the provisions, identifies two key differences between the Australian and New Zealand legislation, and argues that as a result of those differences the protection will not be effective. The ultimate conclusion reached is that consumers in New Zealand are now protected from unfair terms within standard form contracts in form but not substance</p>

Unfair Terms in Standard Form Consumer Contracts

<p>This paper explores the amendments to the Fair trading Act 1986 introducing provisions preventing the use of unfair terms in standard form consumer contracts. The amendments are drafted in close line with Australian federal and state legislation addressing unfair terms. This paper outlines the provisions, identifies two key differences between the Australian and New Zealand legislation, and argues that as a result of those differences the protection will not be effective. The ultimate conclusion reached is that consumers in New Zealand are now protected from unfair terms within standard form contracts in form but not substance</p>

We've deposited our archives, now we need access; A Comparative Study of national archives policy in Australia and New Zealand

<p>Preserving the memory of a nation for current and future generations is the core business of an archive. Archives must be deposited with an archive to bring about continuation of this memory. Fundamental to making this archival memory useful is provision of access to the deposited archives. Providing access to archives can also mean that at times the archives are required to be outgoing from an archive. Government and State Legislation in Australia and in New Zealand provides for the continued growth of their respective nation's memory, by requiring government agencies to deposit their archives into the national archives. Archival policy, in turn, supports the ability of these agencies to borrow back their archives on a temporary loan basis. This temporary loan service in New Zealand is called the Government Loans Service (GLS), while in Australia this service is referred to generically as Accessing records and more specifically as Access to records in your agency and Access to other agencies' records. While committed to the same goal of the preservation of their respective nation's memory, no two archival institutions are the same in how they carry this out or in their policies. This research will compare similarities and differences in of the temporary loan service policies of New Zealand's national archive, Archives New Zealand, and in Australia's national and state archive, National Archive of Australia.</p>

We've deposited our archives, now we need access; A Comparative Study of national archives policy in Australia and New Zealand

<p>Preserving the memory of a nation for current and future generations is the core business of an archive. Archives must be deposited with an archive to bring about continuation of this memory. Fundamental to making this archival memory useful is provision of access to the deposited archives. Providing access to archives can also mean that at times the archives are required to be outgoing from an archive. Government and State Legislation in Australia and in New Zealand provides for the continued growth of their respective nation's memory, by requiring government agencies to deposit their archives into the national archives. Archival policy, in turn, supports the ability of these agencies to borrow back their archives on a temporary loan basis. This temporary loan service in New Zealand is called the Government Loans Service (GLS), while in Australia this service is referred to generically as Accessing records and more specifically as Access to records in your agency and Access to other agencies' records. While committed to the same goal of the preservation of their respective nation's memory, no two archival institutions are the same in how they carry this out or in their policies. This research will compare similarities and differences in of the temporary loan service policies of New Zealand's national archive, Archives New Zealand, and in Australia's national and state archive, National Archive of Australia.</p>

Unsafe at Low Levels: Adopt a Federal MCL for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane in United States’ Drinking Water

1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP) is a toxic, man-made chemical used widely in agricultural and other contexts from the 1940s to the 1980s. TCP has settled into the groundwater supplies nearly everywhere it was used. In 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) included TCP on the Third Contaminant Candidate list (CCL3) and listed the safe oral reference dose (RfD) for TCP at 0.004 milligrams per kilogram per day. Since then, we have learned that the scope of the TCP contamination problem is greater than first understood. At least 13 states and one territory have contaminated wells. Animal studies show that TCP is a potent carcinogen, and toxicology studies suggest that TCP is unsafe at levels at and above its 5 ppt detection limit. Three states, California, Hawaii, and New Jersey have adopted enforceable maximum contaminant levels of TCP in groundwater. As other states become aware of contamination levels, it is likely that some of them will also regulate TCP, but that could take many years. Federal legislation could mandate EPA advisories sooner than state legislation. The EPA has used the detection limit as the maximum for at least one other chemical, 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), a common co-contaminant of TCP. We recommend that the EPA adopt TCP’s lowest detection level, 5 ppt, as the federal maximum contaminant level

Time and State Legislation Have Decreased Opioid Prescribing in Elective Foot and Ankle Surgery in the United States

Background Legislation in the United States has been enacted to reduce opioid overuse and abuse in the setting of the opioid epidemic, and a notable target has been opioid overprescription. However, the impact of this legislation on elective foot and ankle surgery is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of opioid-limiting legislation on opioid prescribing in elective foot and ankle surgery. Methods The 90-day perioperative opioid prescription filling in oxycodone 5-mg equivalents was identified in all patients 18 years of age and older undergoing nontrauma, nonarthroplasty foot and ankle surgery from 2010 to 2019 using a commercial database. States with and without legislation were identified, and opioid prescription filling before and after the legislation were tabulated. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of time and state legislation on perioperative opioid prescribing in this patient population. Results Initial and cumulative opioid prescribing decreased significantly from 2010 to 2019 (39 vs 35.7 initial and 98.1 vs 55.7 cumulative). States with legislation had larger and more significant reductions in initial and cumulative opioid prescribing compared with states without legislation over similar time frames (41.6 to 35.1 with legislation vs 40.6 to 39.1 without legislation initial prescription filling volume and 87.7 to 62.8 vs 88.6 to 74.1 cumulative prescription filling volume). Conclusion State legislation and time have been associated with large, clinically relevant reductions in 90-day perioperative cumulative opioid prescription filling, although reductions in initial opioid prescription filing have remained low. These results encourage states without legislation to enact restraints to reduce the opioid epidemic. Levels of Evidence: Level III: Retrospective, prognostic cohort study