1-km-resolution land surface analysis over Japan: Impact of satellite-derived solar radiation

Abstract. Current climate changes on a global scale require an optimal estimate of heat transfer in a complex urban environment as a part of the requirements for optimal urban planning in the conditions of a smart city. Urban greenery has a considerable impact on the cooling of the urban environment during thermal waves. Sentinel-2 as an Earth observation mission developed by the European Space Agency as part of the Copernicus Programme to perform terrestrial observations in support of various services could become a potential means also for quantified assessment of different urban scenarios where vegetation plays an essential role. The Sentinel-2 data provide higher spatial and temporal resolution than other similar missions allow.The presented research study is aimed at exploiting the potential of Sentinel-2 in simulating the cooling effect of urban greenery as part of smart city mapping in assessing the quality of life of its inhabitants. The main objective of the research study is to define a methodical approach for spatial surface temperature modelling in selected urban areas based on the solar radiation modelling and parameterization of the land cover properties from the Sentinel-2 data. While solar irradiation can be accurately calculated at a fine scale using virtual 3D city models, it is difficult to find other important parameters for ground surface modelling such as surface thermal emissivity, broadband albedo and evapotranspiration. The research study was tested and verified in 4&thinsp;sq.&thinsp;km urban area in the selected central parts of the city of Košice in Slovakia (Figure 1). For a detailed survey, four sites (site 1 &ndash; Moyzesova Street, site 2 &ndash; Historical centre, site 3 &ndash; City park, site 4 &ndash; Hvozdíkov park) were chosen in the central city area. The virtual 3D urban model was created from the airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging, hereinafter referred to as the lidar) and photogrammetric data obtained in a single mission.The aim of the research study was to assess the feasibility of using virtual 3D city models and multispectral satellite images to approximate surface temperature dynamics by modelling of the spatial distribution of solar radiation and land surface characteristics in a complex urban environment. A time-series of the Sentinel-2 data was collected for comparison with the reference time series of the terrestrial lidar (TLS &ndash; Terrestrial Laser Scanning) data on urban greenery on four selected urban areas of the city of Košice. Between the vegetation metrics, the statistical linear relationship derived from the Sentinel-2 and TLS data was defined. Based on terrain mapping, a geobotanic database of urban trees was created. The algorithmic structure of a toolbox for the land surface temperature modelling in the open-source GRASS GIS was developed based on the Stefan-Boltzmann law and Kirchhoff rule.This research study has highlighted how the Sentinel-2 data can be used to estimate of the broad-band albedo, surface emission, and solar transmittance to the vegetation of urban greenery. The main benefit of the research study is the developed algorithm for estimation of the land surface temperature in a GIS environment that provides a unique platform for integrating different types of data-sets to become usable in urban planning and for exploitation of the Sentinel-2 data in mitigation of a negative impact of the urban extreme heat islands on the quality of life of inhabitants. The resulting LST (Land Surface Temperature) was calculated for four scenarios using the detail of the study area of the site 1 (Figure 2) and whole study are (Figure 3) demonstrate. These figures also show the cooling effect of urban trees and shrubs.

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A fast visible-wavelength 3D radiative transfer model for numerical weather prediction visualization and forward modeling

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-13-3235-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 3235-3261

Author(s):

Steven Albers ◽

Stephen M. Saleeby ◽

Sonia Kreidenweis ◽

Qijing Bian ◽

Peng Xian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Radiative Transfer ◽

Numerical Weather Prediction ◽

Land Surface ◽

Weather Prediction ◽

Lower Boundary ◽

Radiative Transfer Model ◽

Transfer Model ◽

Numerical Weather ◽

Visible Wavelength

Abstract. Solar radiation is the ultimate source of energy flowing through the atmosphere; it fuels all atmospheric motions. The visible-wavelength range of solar radiation represents a significant contribution to the earth's energy budget, and visible light is a vital indicator for the composition and thermodynamic processes of the atmosphere from the smallest weather scales to the largest climate scales. The accurate and fast description of light propagation in the atmosphere and its lower-boundary environment is therefore of critical importance for the simulation and prediction of weather and climate. Simulated Weather Imagery (SWIm) is a new, fast, and physically based visible-wavelength three-dimensional radiative transfer model. Given the location and intensity of the sources of light (natural or artificial) and the composition (e.g., clear or turbid air with aerosols, liquid or ice clouds, precipitating rain, snow, and ice hydrometeors) of the atmosphere, it describes the propagation of light and produces visually and physically realistic hemispheric or 360∘ spherical panoramic color images of the atmosphere and the underlying terrain from any specified vantage point either on or above the earth's surface. Applications of SWIm include the visualization of atmospheric and land surface conditions simulated or forecast by numerical weather or climate analysis and prediction systems for either scientific or lay audiences. Simulated SWIm imagery can also be generated for and compared with observed camera images to (i) assess the fidelity and (ii) improve the performance of numerical atmospheric and land surface models. Through the use of the latter in a data assimilation scheme, it can also (iii) improve the estimate of the state of atmospheric and land surface initial conditions for situational awareness and numerical weather prediction forecast initialization purposes.

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Coupling Diffuse Sky Radiation and Surface Albedo

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1175/jas3479.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

pp. 2580-2591 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Bernard Pinty ◽

Alessio Lattanzio ◽

John V. Martonchik ◽

Michel M. Verstraete ◽

Nadine Gobron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Land Surface ◽

Surface Albedo ◽

Climate Models ◽

Diffuse Radiation ◽

Atmospheric Model ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Mathematical Form ◽

Diffuse Solar Radiation ◽

Atmospheric Scattering

Abstract New satellite instruments have been delivering a wealth of information regarding land surface albedo. This basic quantity describes what fraction of solar radiation is reflected from the earth’s surface. However, its concept and measurements have some ambiguity resulting from its dependence on the incidence angles of both the direct and diffuse solar radiation. At any time of day, a surface receives direct radiation in the direction of the sun, and diffuse radiation from the various other directions in which it may have been scattered by air molecules, aerosols, and cloud droplets. This contribution proposes a complete description of the distribution of incident radiation with angles, and the implications in terms of surface albedo are given in a mathematical form, which is suitable for climate models that require evaluating surface albedo many times. The different definitions of observed albedos are explained in terms of the coupling between surface and atmospheric scattering properties. The analytical development in this paper relates the various quantities that are retrieved from orbiting platforms to what is needed by an atmospheric model. It provides a physically simple and practical approach to evaluation of land surface albedo values at any condition of sun illumination irrespective of the current range of surface anisotropic conditions and atmospheric aerosol load. The numerical differences between the various definitions of albedo for a set of typical atmospheric and surface scattering conditions are illustrated through numerical computation.

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Fundamental quantitative methods of land surface analysis

Geoderma ◽

10.1016/s0016-7061(01)00136-7 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 107 (1-2) ◽

pp. 1-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 228

Author(s):

Peter A Shary ◽

Larisa S Sharaya ◽

Andrew V Mitusov

Keyword(s):

Surface Analysis ◽

Land Surface ◽

Quantitative Methods

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Intercomparison between the Integrated Urban land Model and the Noah Urban Canopy Model

10.5194/gmd-2019-298 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chunlei Meng ◽

Junxia Dou

Keyword(s):

Heat Flux ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Human Activity ◽

Land Surface ◽

Land Surface Model ◽

Urban Canopy ◽

Urban Land ◽

Surface Model ◽

Urban Canopy Model ◽

Canopy Model

Abstract. Urban land surface model (ULSM) is an important tool to study the climatic effect of human activity. Now there are two main methods to parameterize the effects of human activity, the coupling method and the integrating method. For the coupled method, the urban canopy model (UCM) was developed and coupled with the land surface model for the natural land surfaces. For the integrated method, the urban land surface model was built directly based on the traditional land surface model. In this paper, the Noah Single Layer Urban Canopy Model (Noah/SLUCM) and the Integrated Urban land Model (IUM) were compared using the observed fluxes data at the 325-meter meteorology tower in Beijing. Through the comparison, the key factors and physical processes of the urban land surface model which have significant impact on the performance of ULSM were found out. The results indicate that the absorbed solar radiation of urban surface was reduced by the solar radiation scattering, the absorption of building roof and wall, and the shading effect of urban canopy and tall buildings. Urban surface roughness length and friction velocity are important in urban sensible heat flux simulation. Urban water balance and impervious surface evaporation (ISE) are important in urban latent heat flux simulation.

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Estimates of the climatological land surface energy and water balance derived from maximum convective power

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/hessd-11-265-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 265-306

Author(s):

A. Kleidon ◽

M. Renner ◽

P. Porada

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Surface Energy ◽

Water Balance ◽

Latent Heat ◽

Thermodynamic Limit ◽

Land Surface ◽

Large River ◽

Maximum Power ◽

Reanalysis Dataset ◽

Water Balances

Abstract. The land surface energy- and water balances are tightly coupled by the partitioning of absorbed solar radiation into terrestrial radiation and the turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat, as well as the partitioning of precipitation into evaporation and runoff. Evaporation forms the critical link between these two balances. Its rate is strongly affected by turbulent exchange as it provides the means to efficiently exchange moisture between the heated, moist surface and the cooled, dry atmosphere. Here, we use the constraint that this mass exchange operates at the thermodynamic limit of maximum power to derive analytical expressions for the partitioning of the surface energy- and water balances on land. We use satellite-derived forcing of absorbed solar radiation, surface temperature and precipitation to derive simple spatial estimates for the annual mean fluxes of sensible and latent heat and evaluate these estimates with the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset and observations of the discharge of large river basins. Given the extremely simple approach, we find that our estimates explain the climatic mean variations in net radiation, evaporation, and river discharge reasonably well. We conclude that our analytical, minimum approach provides adequate first order estimates of the surface energy- and water balance on land and that the thermodynamic limit of maximum power provides a useful closure assumption to constrain the energy partitioning at the land surface.

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Analysis of Urban Heat Island and Heat Waves Using Sentinel-3 Images: a Study of Andalusian Cities in Spain

Earth Systems and Environment ◽

10.1007/s41748-021-00268-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

David Hidalgo García

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Urban Heat Island ◽

Heat Wave ◽

Land Surface ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Economic Cost ◽

Heat Island ◽

Multivariate Relationships ◽

Urban Heat ◽

Wave Conditions

Abstract At present, understanding the synergies between the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) phenomenon and extreme climatic events entailing high mortality, i.e., heat waves, is a great challenge that must be faced to improve the quality of life in urban zones. The implementation of new mitigation and resilience measures in cities would serve to lessen the effects of heat waves and the economic cost they entail. In this research, the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the SUHI were determined through Sentinel-3A and 3B images of the eight capitals of Andalusia (southern Spain) during the months of July and August of years 2019 and 2020. The objective was to determine possible synergies or interaction between the LST and SUHI, as well as between SUHI and heat waves, in a region classified as highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. For each Andalusian city, the atmospheric variables of ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and direction were obtained from stations of the Spanish State Meteorological Agency (AEMET); the data were quantified and classified both in periods of normal environmental conditions and during heat waves. By means of Data Panel statistical analysis, the multivariate relationships were derived, determining which ones statistically influence the SUHI during heat wave periods. The results indicate that the LST and the mean SUHI obtained are statistically interacted and intensify under heat wave conditions. The greatest increases in daytime temperatures were seen for Sentinel-3A in cities by the coast (LST = 3.90 °C, SUHI = 1.44 °C) and for Sentinel-3B in cities located inland (LST = 2.85 °C, SUHI = 0.52 °C). The existence of statistically significant positive relationships above 99% (p < 0.000) between the SUHI and solar radiation, and between the SUHI and the direction of the wind, intensified in periods of heat wave, could be verified. An increase in the urban area affected by the SUHI under heat wave conditions is reported. Graphical Abstract

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Long-term variability of annual sums of total and absorbed solar radiation in the Аrctic

Arctic and Antarctic Research ◽

10.30758/0555-2648-2017-0-3-39-50 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 39-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

V. F. Radionov ◽

Е. N. Rusina ◽

E. Е. Sibir

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Optical Thickness ◽

Land Surface ◽

The Arctic ◽

Russian Arctic ◽

Total Radiation ◽

Subsequent Increase ◽

Arctic Atmosphere ◽

Global Dimming

Variability of total (Q) and absorbed (Q – R) radiation after the year 2000 at some Russian Arctic stations in comparison with the long-term variability of these characteristics since the beginning of observations and until 1992 was investigated. As estimating parameters, the normalized by multiyear averages for 1961–1990 of anomalies of annual sums of total and absorbed radiation were chosen. We have analyzed the variability of total cloudiness and integral optical thickness characterizing transparency of the atmosphere as the factors producing the largest influence on total radiation incoming to the land surface. The integral optical thickness of the atmosphere in the Arctic after 2000 was most likely determined by specifics of air pollutants coming to the Arctic atmosphere and was significantly higher in the western Arctic area, than in the eastern one. After 2000 practically at all stations considered, the income of total radiation appeared to be below the multiyear average. Significant by the absolute value, but different by the sign, changes of absorbed radiation were recorded. The long-term periods of decrease and the subsequent increase of the incoming solar radiation observed at the European stations and called as “global dimming and global brightening” were not revealed at the Russian Arctic actinometric stations.

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SENSITIVITY OF ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATION USING THE SEBS MODEL TO VARIATION OF INPUT PARAMETERS (LST, DSSF, AERODYNAMICS PARAMETERS, LAI, FVC)

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-1193-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol XLII-2/W13 ◽

pp. 1193-1200 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. Abid ◽

C. Mannaerts ◽

Z. Bargaoui

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Land Surface ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Actual Evapotranspiration ◽

Aerodynamic Parameter ◽

Area Index ◽

Near Surface ◽

Sebs Model

Abstract. Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) is a key component of the water and energy balance and hydrological regime of catchments. A land surface energy balance system model (SEBS) was used to estimate the AET of the 160100-km² Medjerda river basin in Northern Tunisia. This model uses satellite data in combination with meteorological data. In this study, we investigated the sensitivity of the AET model output to five major input variables: the 30-minute Downward Surface Shortwave solar radiation fluxes (DSSF), and Land Surface Temperatures (LST), the roughness height for momentum transfer z0m, and the influence of the spatial resolution of satellite-based Leaf Area Index (LAI) and fraction of Vegetation Cover (FVC) estimates. The DSSF product was validated using a comparison to solar radiation estimates by the Angstrom formula based on in-situ station data. Gaps in the 15-min satellite-based land surface temperature time series were filled using a sinusoidal model on pixels containing meteorological stations. One-half to two standard deviations of the errors of the regression curves were applied to analyse the sensitivity of the SEBS output. Two methods to estimate the near surface aerodynamic parameter z0m were applied and compared. Maps of LAI and FVC derived from two sensors alternatively applied as an input to the SEBS model. A sensitivity analysis, performed in the first decade of May 2010, showed that SEBS model parameterization is quite sensitive in the forestland cover type. The difference can be up to 0.3&thinsp;mm&thinsp;day&minus;1. For agricultural land areas, representing an important percentage of the Medjerda basin, AET estimations based on the SEBS model proved to be used to satisfy the actual evapotranspiration estimates.

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