scholarly journals The Oleaginous Conglomerate- Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Thoracic Region ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Simple Obesity ◽  
Upper Thoracic ◽  
Adipose Tissue Cells

Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is an exceptional disorder of adipose tissue metabolism and lipid storage. The condition was initially scripted by Sir Benjamin Brodie in 1846 and is additionally designated as Made lung’s disease, Launois-Bensaude syndrome or benign symmetric lipomatosis (1). Characteristically, multiple symmetric lipomatosis displays multiple foci of accumulated, non-encapsulated, mature adipose tissue with predominant infiltration within subcutaneous tissue of cephalic, cervical and upper thoracic region. Multiple, non-encapsulated, symmetrically distributed lipomas which spare distal extremities are enunciated in multiple symmetric lipomatosis (1,2). The condition can be misinterpreted as simple obesity on account of identical clinical features and symptoms. Therefore, antecedent evaluation of pertinent manifestations and differentiation of dual entities is necessitated. The disease is presumed to be a condition diverse from accumulation of brown adipose tissue. Histological structure of constituent adipose tissue cells is dystrophic with characteristics akin to lipoma and liposarcoma. The condition may be associated with significant morbidity, metabolic disturbances, neuropathy, malignant metamorphosis and sudden death (1,2).

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue-Derived Signatures for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Adipokines, Batokines and MicroRNAs

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Woo Lee ◽  
Mihye Lee ◽  
Kyoung-Jin Oh
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Exosomal Mirna

Obesity is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is closely related to metabolic disturbances in the adipose tissue that primarily functions as a fat reservoir. For this reason, adipose tissue is considered as the primary site for initiation and aggravation of obesity and T2DM. As a key endocrine organ, the adipose tissue communicates with other organs, such as the brain, liver, muscle, and pancreas, for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Two different types of adipose tissues—the white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)—secrete bioactive peptides and proteins, known as “adipokines” and “batokines,” respectively. Some of them have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, while others have harmful inflammatory effects. Recently, “exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs)” were identified as novel adipokines, as adipose tissue-derived exosomal miRNAs can affect other organs. In the present review, we discuss the role of adipose-derived secretory factors—adipokines, batokines, and exosomal miRNA—in obesity and T2DM. It will provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in disturbances of adipose-derived factors and will support the development of adipose-derived factors as potential therapeutic targets for obesity and T2DM.

A Histological and Histochemical Study of the Brown and Yellow Adipose Tissue of the Bat, Hipposideros speoris

1959 ◽  
Vol s3-100 (51) ◽  
pp. 369-375
Author(s):  
J. C. GEORGE ◽  
J. EAPEN
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lactic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Aldehydes And Ketones ◽  
Sulphydryl Groups

A study of the histology and histochemical reactions for lipase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, phospholipids, cholesterol, sulphydryl groups, and water-insoluble aldehydes and ketones in the brown and yellow adipose tissue of the bat (Hipposideros speoris) revealed that the two types of adipose tissue differ in histological structure as well as physiological activity. The histological structure of the two types of adipose tissue was found to be different, resembling that of the two corresponding types of the rat. The brown adipose tissue showed a higher concentration of succinic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, phospholipids, cholesterol, and sulphydryl groups. No detectable difference between brown and yellow adipose tissue was, however, found with respect to lipase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, and water-insoluble aldehydes and ketones.

Abstract 13607: Seasonal Variation in the Attenuation of Epicardial Adipose Tissue on Cardiac Computed Tomography

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
John M Archer ◽  
Paolo Raggi ◽  
Amin B Sagar ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Varuna Gadiyaram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

Introduction: The role of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) in the development and vulnerability of coronary artery atherosclerosis has been the focus of extensive research for the past several years. EAT is visceral fat that surrounds the coronary arteries and it consists of beige adipose tissue that is functionally similar to brown adipose tissue and has a higher computed tomography (CT) attenuation than subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Given the brown-like composition of EAT, its attenuation may be affected by several factors including seasonal temperature variations and clinical factors. Hypothesis: We investigated the effect of season on EAT attenuation and additional clinical factors that may influence attenuation measurements. Methods: Single center, retrospective study of 597 cardiac CT exams performed for coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring obtained on a single CT scanner during winter and summer months. Summer was defined as June, July, and August. Winter was defined as December, January, and February. EAT attenuation in Hounsfield units (HU) was measured in a region of interest near the right coronary artery ostium. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAD) attenuation was measured in the thoracic subcutaneous tissue. Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained by questionnaire and chart review. Results: The clinical and demographic characteristics of patients scanned during the summer (N=253) and the winter (N=344) months were similar. One third of patients were women, one quarter used statins and anti-hypertensive drugs each and 30% had a BMI>30. There was a significantly lower EAT attenuation measured during the summer than the winter months (-98.17±6.94 HUs vs -95.64±7.99 HUs; P<0.001). Additionally, gender, obesity, treatment with statins and anti-hypertensive agents significantly modulated the seasonal variation in EAT attenuation. SCAD attenuation was not affected by season or any other factor. Conclusions: Our study shows that the measurement of EAT attenuation is complex and is likely affected by season, demographics and clinical factors. Attempts to use EAT attenuation as a biomarker for risk of cardiovascular events should take these potential confounders into consideration.

scholarly journals Obesogens: How They Are Identified and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Their Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Mohajer ◽  
Chrislyn Y. Du ◽  
Christian Checkcinco ◽  
Bruce Blumberg
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Metabolic System ◽  
Chemical Screening ◽  
Brown Adipose

Adult and childhood obesity have reached pandemic level proportions. The idea that caloric excess and insufficient levels of physical activity leads to obesity is a commonly accepted answer for unwanted weight gain. This paradigm offers an inconclusive explanation as the world continually moves towards an unhealthier and heavier existence irrespective of energy balance. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that resemble natural hormones and disrupt endocrine function by interfering with the body’s endogenous hormones. A subset of EDCs called obesogens have been found to cause metabolic disruptions such as increased fat storage, in vivo. Obesogens act on the metabolic system through multiple avenues and have been found to affect the homeostasis of a variety of systems such as the gut microbiome and adipose tissue functioning. Obesogenic compounds have been shown to cause metabolic disturbances later in life that can even pass into multiple future generations, post exposure. The rising rates of obesity and related metabolic disease are demanding increasing attention on chemical screening efforts and worldwide preventative strategies to keep the public and future generations safe. This review addresses the most current findings on known obesogens and their effects on the metabolic system, the mechanisms of action through which they act upon, and the screening efforts through which they were identified with. The interplay between obesogens, brown adipose tissue, and the gut microbiome are major topics that will be covered.

scholarly journals The role of adipose tissue in cancer-associated cachexia

2016 ◽  
Vol 242 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina A Vaitkus ◽  
Francesco S Celi
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
New Evidence

Adipose tissue (fat) is a heterogeneous organ, both in function and histology, distributed throughout the body. White adipose tissue, responsible for energy storage and more recently found to have endocrine and inflammation-modulatory activities, was historically thought to be the only type of fat present in adult humans. The recent demonstration of functional brown adipose tissue in adults, which is highly metabolic, shifted this paradigm. Additionally, recent studies demonstrate the ability of white adipose tissue to be induced toward the brown adipose phenotype – “beige” or “brite” adipose tissue – in a process referred to as “browning.” While these adipose tissue depots are under investigation in the context of obesity, new evidence suggests a maladaptive role in other metabolic disturbances including cancer-associated cachexia, which is the topic of this review. This syndrome is multifactorial in nature and is an independent factor associated with poor prognosis. Here, we review the contributions of all three adipose depots – white, brown, and beige – to the development and progression of cancer-associated cachexia. Specifically, we focus on the local and systemic processes involving these adipose tissues that lead to increased energy expenditure and sustained negative energy balance. We highlight key findings from both animal and human studies and discuss areas within the field that need further exploration. Impact statement Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a complex, multifactorial syndrome that negatively impacts patient quality of live and prognosis. This work reviews a component of CAC that lacks prior discussion: adipose tissue contributions. Uniquely, it discusses all three types of adipose tissue, white, beige, and brown, their interactions, and their contributions to the development and progression of CAC. Summarizing key bench and clinical studies, it provides information that will be useful to both basic and clinical researchers in designing experiments, studies, and clinical trials.

scholarly journals Sequential changes in the expression of mitochondrial protein mRNA during the development of brown adipose tissue in bovine and ovine species. Sudden occurrence of uncoupling protein mRNA during embryogenesis and its disappearance after birth

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Casteilla ◽  
O Champigny ◽  
F Bouillaud ◽  
J Robelin ◽  
D Ricquier
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cytochrome C Oxidase ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Brown Adipose

Samples of adipose tissue were obtained from different sites in bovine and ovine foetuses and newborns. RNA was isolated and analysed using bovine cDNA and ovine genomic probe for uncoupling protein (UCP), cDNA for subunits III and IV of cytochrome c oxidase and cDNA for ADP/ATP carrier. UCP mRNA was characterized for the first time in foetal bovine and ovine adipose tissue. It appeared later than mRNA of cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, and increased dramatically at birth (10-fold). ADP/ATP carrier mRNA was expressed at a lower level but also increased 10-fold at birth. It was demonstrated that UCP mRNA reached its highest level at birth in all bovine adipose tissues studied, except subcutaneous tissue. It disappeared quickly afterwards, being no longer detectable two days after birth. Similar variations were observed in newborn lambs. ADP/ATP carrier mRNA showed the same pattern of expression as UCP mRNA; although it was still lightly expressed two days after birth, it disappeared soon afterwards. Only mRNAs for cytochrome c oxidase subunits III and IV remained at the same level during the first postnatal week. On the basis of these data and of observations reported in the literature a sequence of events for the development of brown adipose cells in vivo is proposed. Soon after birth the perirenal adipose tissue of ruminants, which still contains mitochondria of typical brown adipose tissue morphology and high levels of cytochrome c oxidase mRNA, lacks UCP mRNA. Can it still be considered as brown fat? Ruminant species appear to be attractive models to study both the differentiation of brown adipose tissue and its possible conversion to white fat in large animals.

Multiple symmetric lipomatosis: A rare disease and its possible links to brown adipose tissue

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Enzi ◽  
L. Busetto ◽  
G. Sergi ◽  
A. Coin ◽  
E.M. Inelmen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Rare Disease ◽  
Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis ◽  
Brown Adipose
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