The floors of Smolensk churches of the 12th–13th centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-159
Author(s):  
Vasilii Matveev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Lime Mortar ◽  
Main Area ◽  
Significant Area

In 17 of 21 Smolensk’ 12-13 century buildings there were found floor remains with different state of preservation. Some were found quite intact in significant area in situ, and other are represented with single findings of glazed tiles. Neither smalt, nor slate slabs were used in that buildings. In two churches there were found sandstone slabs, imitating the slate. In another two churches was mainly used lime mortar grouting. The most widespread materials for the decoration of the floors were the plinth and the glazed tiles. The plinth was mostly used for decorating of the main area of the buildings, for example, in naos and galleries. The glazed tiles more often were found in the separated compartments: choirs, apses and in some special parts of galleries. There is no great variety of shapes and dimensions of ceramic tiles of that time. The square and triangle ones prevail. Their side dimension is normally 11-12 sm, the thickness is 1,8 – 2,8 sm. This proportion remains unchanged, unlike plinth size, which during 12 century becomes smaller and smaller. And also some figured tiles were found in Smolensk’ buildings of that time.

In Situ-Tests and Advanced Numerical Modelling for Masonry Arches Retrofitted with Steel Reinforced Grout

2017 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Bertolesi ◽  
Francesca Giulia Carozzi ◽  
Gabriele Milani ◽  
Carlo Poggi
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Numerical Technique ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Behavior ◽  
Vertical Load ◽  
Masonry Arches ◽  
Lime Mortar ◽  
Single Leaf

The paper presents the results of a series of In Situ tests carried out on two masonry arches, one unreinforced and the other reinforced with SRG (Steel Reinforced Grout). An advanced numerical modelling based on a heterogeneous discretization is also reported. The arches have a span equal to 3.30 m and height 0.83 m, and are built with common Italian bricks with dimensions 250x120x55 mm3 and 10 mm thick mortar joints. The arches are built regularly spacing out two bricks laid edge on (thickness of the arch 12 cm) with two bricks (one over the other) disposed in single leaf. One of the two arches is tested unreinforced, whereas the second is reinforced with an SRG constituted by an inox grid embedded into a layer of lime mortar. For all samples, an eccentric vertical load placed at 1⁄4 of the span is increased up to failure. An advanced numerical technique is adopted to reproduce experimental results, namely a heterogeneous micro-modelling where bricks, mortar and strengthening are meshed separately. The numerical outcomes are comparatively assessed with respect to the experimental global behavior and crack patterns obtained at the end of the tests.

scholarly journals The Dynamic Properties of Historic Timber-Framed Masonry Structures in Bursa, Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
M. Bilal Bağbancı ◽  
Özlem Köprülü Bağbancı
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Timber Structures ◽  
Lime Mortar ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Lime Mortars ◽  
Earthquake Load

Timber-framed masonry structures are known as an effective earthquake load resisting system in high seismicity regions such as Bursa, Turkey. Intense earthquakes have occurred throughout history; however, many of the traditional timber structures have been able to survive without significant damage until the present day. In this study, six historic two-storied timber-framed masonry structures dating from the nineteenth century in Bursa City are investigated by using laboratory and in situ structural health monitoring tests. Although the houses have the same construction techniques, different masonry infill materials are used inside the timber frames. Stone, adobe, and brick are used as infill materials. Mud and lime mortars are used as binding materials. Mud mortar is used with stone and adobe materials. Lime mortar is used with brick material. The physical, mechanical, and dynamic parameters such as density, specific gravity, porosity, elastic modulus, frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios of the studied structures were investigated and the results were comparatively discussed. It is understood that the use of different infill materials affects the dynamic behaviors of these structures.

scholarly journals Characterization of historical coating mortars of La Ceramo factory in Valencia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Luana Sutti ◽  
Maiara Oliveira Silva de Aguiar ◽  
Cesar Fabiano Fioriti ◽  
Maria Paula Hêngling Christófani
Keyword(s):  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Lime Mortar ◽  
Preventive Conservation ◽  
Lime Mortars ◽  
Over Time

<p class="Abstracttext-VITRUVIO">The objective of this paper was to characterize historical coating mortars taken from the La Ceramo factory, in Valencia, by means of historical, in situ and sample collection at various points in the building, for subsequent laboratory tests. The physical-mechanical characteristics studied were: compressive strength, water content, granulometry by sieving method, identification of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid, surface hardness, water absorption, apparent porosity and bulk density. The results showed that the mortars composed of cement and lime collected did not present very positive characteristics in the aspects analyzed in this study, resulting in material with low quality, both in its initial composition and in function of the external influences suffered over time. Regarding the other areas of lime mortar, these presented better results, although less resistant than those of cement, were shown to have good quality. It can also be observed that lime mortars, even having a similar composition in their origin, when applied at different points of the factory acquired uneven characteristics over time, directly related to the local conditions of the coated walls. Finally, the need for preventive conservation in buildings of historical interest makes this paper of investigative and scientific nature, since the knowledge of the original materials is the initial step to a good intervention and not to accelerate the process of degradation of historical constructions.</p>

scholarly journals Use of thermal analysis for the detection of calcium oxalate in selected forms of plastering exposed to the effects of Serpula lacrymans

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-515
Author(s):  
Drahomíra Cígler Žofková ◽  
Jiří Frankl ◽  
Dita Frankeová
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Comparative Measurement ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Lime Mortar ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans ◽  
Control Samples

The article discusses the interaction of metabolic products of a wood-destroying fungus of the dry rot species (Serpula lacrymans (Wulfen) P. Karst.) with a commonly used lime mortar. Mortar samples used in the presented experiment were made mostly in laboratory conditions so as to make it possible to set input conditions and to determine initial properties of the examined samples. Matured lime mortar samples were placed in cultivation boxes with a growth of Serpula lacrymans and exposed to its action for a predetermined period of time. For a comparison, mortar samples taken “in situ” from real structures were also subjected to the experiment. The examined samples were subjected to a thermal analysis and a comparative measurement by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of the measurement of infected samples were compared with the results obtained in the reference (control) samples. The experiment carried out was focused on assessing the presence of calcium oxalate, which is secreted into the surroundings of the mycelium during the active growing of Serpula lacrymans.

In Situ Investigation of the Mechanical Strength of the Mortars: The Case of the Vaults of the Modena Cathedral

2014 ◽  
Vol 624 ◽  
pp. 170-177
Author(s):  
Camilla Colla
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Events ◽  
Structural Behaviour ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Lime Mortar ◽  
Civic Values ◽  
Advanced Phase ◽  
Modena Cathedral ◽  
Damage Map ◽  
Correct Design

The 12th C. Modena Cathedral is a masterpiece testimony of early Romanesque architecture, artand civic values of the time. Following the inclusion in the UNESCO list in 1997, studies, surveysand maintenance works have started. The Emilia’s seismic events of May 2012 have happenedwhen the maintenance operations were already in an advanced phase. The quakes caused damageand re-opening of some historical cracks, in particular in the thin vaults of the naves, near thefaçade and at the junction between naves and choir and crypt. Fragments of brick, mortar from thejoints between bricks and even limited portions of a diagonal rib have fallen to the ground. In viewof seismic assessment and strengthening for improvement of the structural behaviour, detailedstudies of the vaults’ mortar became necessary. The investigation approach was minimal andpreservative, combining on-site close-up visual inspections and micro-destructive testing of themortar joints by mortar penetrometer. For this purpose, openings of 0.25x0.25 m2 in the renderlayer of the 23 vaults were created. The outcome has allowed differentiating between repair mortarsof different strength, used in different historic periods. The mortar resistance was very low butdifferent for lime mortar and gypsum. Values, divided in 3 classes of strength, were found tocorrelate well with the location and severity of the crack pattern and damage map in the vaults. Theresults were useful for a correct design (minimal and reversible) of the cathedral strengtheningintervention.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Tankhoy field coals in South Baikal bottom sediments

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
O. M. Khlystov ◽  
A. V. Vainer-Krotov ◽  
A. V. Kitaev ◽  
T. V. Pogodaeva
Keyword(s):  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Palynological Analysis ◽  
Southern Basin ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
Lithological Composition ◽  
Bearing Part ◽  
South Baikal

The purpose of the study is to describe the first finds of coal-bearing clays and coals in the bottom sediments of the southern basin of Lake Baikal and compare them with terrestrial coal-bearing deposits of the Tankhoy field. Comparative analysis of the lithological composition and colour of bottom sediments and terrestrial sections, as well as the concentration of organic carbon and conducted palynological analysis allowed their correlation. At the lake’s depth of 900 m the authors discovered a coal-bearing strata in situ (st 56), which later was stratigraphically correlated with the terrestrial coalbearing part of the Tankhoy suite. The fragments of coal found in bottom sediments basically along the entire Tankhoy field, especially bedrock coals on the underwater slope in South Baikal up to 1300 m deep prove the distribution of the coal-bearing part of the Tankhoy suite in the sublacustrine part of the lake throughout the entire slope (from 5 to 10 km offshore) and confirm the distribution area of the Tankhoy paleolake over a significant area of the contour of modern southern basin of Lake Baikal. The finds of coal-bearing strata on these and other various sub-bottom depths, i.e. under various pressure and temperature conditions, suggest that coals themselves and coal-bearing mudstones may be a generation facility of secondary microbial methane. This should be taken into account when searching for gas hydrocarbon and gas hydrate accumulations as well as assessing methane cycles in Lake Baikal.

Rendez vous with Saturn's rings

1984 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 743-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry T. Nock
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Low Thrust ◽  
Ring Plane ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Total Impulse ◽  
Saturn's Rings

ABSTRACTA mission to rendezvous with the rings of Saturn is studied with regard to science rationale and instrumentation and engineering feasibility and design. Future detailedin situexploration of the rings of Saturn will require spacecraft systems with enormous propulsive capability. NASA is currently studying the critical technologies for just such a system, called Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP). Electric propulsion is the only technology which can effectively provide the required total impulse for this demanding mission. Furthermore, the power source must be nuclear because the solar energy reaching Saturn is only 1% of that at the Earth. An important aspect of this mission is the ability of the low thrust propulsion system to continuously boost the spacecraft above the ring plane as it spirals in toward Saturn, thus enabling scientific measurements of ring particles from only a few kilometers.

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