scholarly journals Against the Tide. On the Pedagogy of Freedom in Polish Pedagogical Thought

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
Slawomir Sztobryn
Keyword(s):  
Eastern European ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Scientific Autonomy ◽  
Positive Disintegration ◽  
Special Value ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
The Church

Among the Eastern European countries in the USSR's sphere of influence, Poland enjoyed the greatest freedom, which puts into question the hasty and evaluative assessments of the then educators, describing some of them as being homo sovietus or homo sovietus-like. The situation was very complex and it is in this perspective where one should undertake research on the past, 20th century pedagogical thought. Regardless of how ideologized Polish education was, it should be noted that many scholars who shaped their theoretical concepts in free, pre-war Poland opposed the promotion of Stalinism in science and education. At the time, the church played a certain positive role in this struggle, which also has to be recognized as a sham of opportunism. The pre-war philosophy of upbringing, particularly deviating from the doctrinal assumptions of Marxism-Leninism, became the main target of the attack, and such outstanding scholars as S. Hessen, B. Nawroczyński, L. Chmaj or K. Sośnicki were subject to harassment on the part of the authorities. The remnant of those times, which still lasts in the present day, is a belief in special value, and sometimes even in the foreground of empirical pedagogy with simultaneous negation of philosophical pedagogy. Meanwhile, it was Hessen who proved that empirical pedagogy - valuable in itself - is a great tool to learn how it is, but silent about how it should be. All teleology, which before the war grew out of philosophical currents (Hessen's neo-Kantism, Lviv-Warsaw school of Nawroczyński and Sośnicki) in the era of primacy of one party was a derivative of its ideology depriving pedagogy of its subjectivity and scientific autonomy. What makes Polish pedagogy of freedom different is the fact of practicing it in historical and philosophical orbit, when we look at it from the substantive side and positive disintegration, when we want to understand it from the personality of its creators.

THE EFFECTS OF PARTY IDEOLOGY ON PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY SPENDING IN FORMER SOCIALIST COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1/2020) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Dejan Bursac
Keyword(s):  
Public Order ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Transitional Environment ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Budget Component ◽  
Western Democracies

The study is designed to empirically test the effects which different ruling party ideologies have on spending for public order and safety budget component in Central and Eastern European countries. The transitional environment and especially post-Cold War security context have altered the concept of security in former socialist societies. Our assumption, based not just on theoretical concepts of left and right ideologies, but also on studies examining this matter in more developed Western democracies, was that right-leaning cabinets will have higher levels of budget consumption for law and order than leftist governments. The empirical model confirmed this hypothesis, albeit only partially. A number of other political, economic, and contextual variables connected with transitional setting, which usually have effect on general levels of spending or certain budget areas, have demonstrated a low significance when comes to law and order spending.

English in Slovenia: status, functions, and features

English Today ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Špela MeŽek
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World Language ◽  
Slovene Language ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
The Media ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Education Science ◽  
Second World

ABSTRACTSlovenia, like many former Eastern bloc countries, is now coming to terms with the increasing popularity of English.Today English is the most widely used foreign language in Europe. It is used in business, education, science, the media, advertisements, music, graffiti, and in many other places, although its greatest use can be found in commerce, culture, science and education (Phillipson, 2003). The presence of English is felt more in some parts of Europe than in others, however. In the Scandinavian countries, for example, English manifests itself in all parts of society and the knowledge of English is so high that some consider it a second language (McArthur, 1996). In Eastern Europe, the acquisition and use of English has traditionally not been as widespread, although in recent years, the picture has changed greatly, as English has become more and more popular in what were formerly Eastern bloc countries.In many ways Slovenia has been following the trends in other Central and Eastern European countries. The influence of English has been growing since the Second World War and in particular after the end of the Cold War. Its influence has intensified even more after Slovenia became an independent country. Today, Slovenes feel both cautious and enthusiastic about English. There is extensive legislation to protect the Slovene language, while at the same time there is a ‘certain enthusiasm for both “western” ideas and the world language, English’ (Schlick, 2003: 4).

scholarly journals Druga wojna światowa a pozycja ustrojowa europejskich monarchów

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Maciej Rakowski
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World War ◽  
Royal Authority ◽  
Fascist Regime ◽  
Political Model ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
Second World

<p>The Second World War brought significant political changes to European monarchies. Immediately after the war, six kingdoms ceased to exist and became republics. This concerned Eastern European countries in the Soviet sphere of influence, as well as Italy, where Victor Emmanuel III had to pay for years of cooperation with the fascist regime. Before the outbreak of the war, at least three European monarchies had considerable power, holding the most important prerogatives in their hands: this was the case in Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. Such a political model failed to survive the war, as after 1945 the kings and princes of the Old Continent only “reigned, but did not rule” (only Louis II, Prince of Monaco kept a stronger position until the end of the 1950s). It used to happen during the war that in countries with an established parliamentary system the monarch played a greater role than during the years of peace (the most prominent example being Wilhelmina, the Queen of the Netherlands). The article also presents other issues important to the royal authority – the functioning of monarchs in exile, the threat to their lives, the exercise of sovereignty (usually only in a ceremonial capacity) over the armed forces, and abdications forced by the circumstances.</p>

scholarly journals Najnowsze badania nad językiem i tożsamością emigrantów litewskich

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 229-239
Author(s):  
Krystyna Rutkowska
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Language And Identity ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Language Identity ◽  
University Professor ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Linguistic Behaviour ◽  
North And South America

The latest research on language and identity of Lithuanian emigrantsReviewEmigrantai: kalba ir tapatybė (Emigrants: Language and identity), collective monograph, academic editor Meilutė Ramonienė, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2015.This review discusses the collective monograph Emigrantai: kalba ir tapatybė (Emigrants: Language and identity), authored by a team of Lithuanian Studies scholars led by Vilnius University professor Meilutė Ramonienė and published in Vilnius in 2015. The volume brings the results of studies on the functioning of the Lithuanian language among emigrants conducted in 2011–2013, and presents its situation in North and South America, Australia, Africa and different European countries (Great Britain, Germany, Norway, Denmark, Spain, France, Luxembourg, Italy and others). The study only excludes Lithuanian diaspora in Eastern European countries. The volume is based on a vast empirical base consisting of 20,206 sociolinguistic questionnaires (including 66 questions each) and 177 interviews (conducted in person or via Skype).The authors set out to study the linguistic behaviour and identity background of Lithuanian emigrants, and pursue a number of particular objectives: to define the scope of Lithuanian language use in various countries of the world, to acquire the data about its functioning in different spheres, to identify factors which decide about its preservation, to describe the relations between language, identity and a sense of cultural belonging. All these issues are discussed in different chapters of the book. In their studies, Lithuanian researchers applied very modern approaches, inspired by various theoretical concepts of Western sociolinguistics. Najnowsze badania nad językiem i tożsamością emigrantów litewskichRecenzjaEmigrantai: kalba ir tapatybė (Emigranci: język i tożsamość), monografia zbiorowa, redaktor naukowy Meilutė Ramonienė, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2015.W recenzji przedstawiono monografię zbiorową Emigranci: język i tożsamość, opracowaną przez zespół lituanistów pod kierunkiem profesor Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego, Meilutė Ramonienė. Monografia, wydana w Wilnie w 2015 roku, przedstawia wyniki badań prowadzonych w latach 2011–2013 nad sposobem funkcjonowania języka litewskiego na emigracji i ukazuje jego sytuację w wielu krajach w Ameryce Północnej, Ameryce Południowej, Australii czy Afryce, oraz w różnych krajach Europy Zachodniej (Wielkiej Brytanii, Niemczech, Norwegii, Danii, Hiszpanii, Francji, Luksemburgu, Włoszech in.). Badaniem nie została objęta tylko diaspora litewska, zamieszkująca kraje Europy Wschodniej. Podstawą opracowania jest ogromna baza empiryczna, którą stanowi 20 206 ankiet socjolingwistycznych (zawierających 66 pytań) oraz 177 wywiadów (bezpośrednich lub uzyskanych przy pomocy programu Skype).Autorzy postawili sobie za cel zbadanie zachowań językowych oraz postaw tożsamościowych litewskich emigrantów, wytypowali też do analizy szereg zadań szczegółowych: ustalenie zakresu użycia języka litewskiego w różnych krajach świata, zgromadzenie danych o zasięgu jego funkcjonowania w poszczególnych sferach (domenach), rozpoznanie czynników decydujących o zachowaniu języka, opis związków pomiędzy językiem, tożsamością a walencją kulturową. Wszystkim tym zagadnieniom zostały poświęcone poszczególne części tej książki. Badacze litewscy wykorzystali bardzo nowoczesne ujęcia, inspirując się różnymi koncepcjami teoretycznymi zachodnich socjolingwistów.

scholarly journals THE THREE SEAS INITIATIVE – AN ASPECT OF CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICAL COMPETITION FOR DOMINANCE IN EUROPE

2019 ◽  
Vol 2(13)/2019 (2(13)/2019) ◽  
pp. 45-61
Author(s):  
Wiktor MOŻGIN MOŻGIN
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Potential Danger ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
Political Economic

Today, Europe is a very dynamic area in which various processes of political, economic, military, and socio-cultural nature occur. One of these processes concerns the establishment in 2015 of the Three Seas Initiative, integrating the area of the countries that joined the European Community after 2004 with one exception, which is Austria, which belongs to the group of the so-called ‘Old Union’. The emergence of a new structure within the European Union has been negated from the very beginning by the most important entities in Europe and beyond because the Russian Federation also did not approve the establishment of the Three Seas Initiative, perceiving it as a direct threat to the implementation of its neo-imperial policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the establishment of the Three Seas initiative was dictated by many factors of historical, political, economic, and military nature. This article presents the issues related to the process of shaping the subjectivity of Central and Eastern European countries in the context of contemporary challenges caused by the economic crisis and the potential danger of the Russian Federation, which aims is to destabilize this region and pull it back into its sphere of influence. The role which played the Three Seas Initiative within the European Union is an issue that requires constructive analysis. This is possible by indicating the main reasons for establishing this structure and international processes that are implications of its functioning.

Pragmatic Language Performance of Children Adopted Internationally

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-514
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Hwa-Froelich ◽  
Hisako Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Pragmatic Language ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Emotion Identification ◽  
False Belief Understanding ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Pragmatic Communication ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Purpose Pragmatic language is important for social communication across all settings. Children adopted internationally (CAI) may be at risk of poorer pragmatic language because of adverse early care, delayed adopted language development, and less ability to inhibit. The purpose of this study was to compare pragmatic language performance of CAI from Asian and Eastern European countries with a nonadopted group of children who were of the same age and from similar socioeconomic backgrounds as well as explore the relationship among emotion identification, false belief understanding, and inhibition variables with pragmatic language performance. Method Using a quasi-experimental design, 35 four-year-old CAI (20 Asian, 15 Eastern European) and 33 children who were not adopted were included in this study. The children's pragmatic language, general language, and social communication (emotion identification of facial expressions, false belief understanding, inhibition) were measured. Comparisons by region of origin and adoption experience were completed. We conducted split-half correlation analyses and entered significant correlation variables into simple and backward regression models. Results Pragmatic language performance differed by adoption experience. The adopted and nonadopted groups demonstrated different correlation patterns. Language performance explained most of the pragmatic language variance. Discussion Because CAI perform less well than their nonadopted peers on pragmatic communication measures and different variables are related to their pragmatic performance, speech-language pathologists may need to adapt assessment and intervention practices for this population.

European Integration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann P. Arnason
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
The Eu

Different understandings of European integration, its background and present problems are represented in this book, but they share an emphasis on historical processes, geopolitical dynamics and regional diversity. The introduction surveys approaches to the question of European continuities and discontinuities, before going on to an overview of chapters. The following three contributions deal with long-term perspectives, including the question of Europe as a civilisational entity, the civilisational crisis of the twentieth century, marked by wars and totalitarian regimes, and a comparison of the European Union with the Habsburg Empire, with particular emphasis on similar crisis symptoms. The next three chapters discuss various aspects and contexts of the present crisis. Reflections on the Brexit controversy throw light on a longer history of intra-Union rivalry, enduring disputes and changing external conditions. An analysis of efforts to strengthen the EU’s legal and constitutional framework, and of resistances to them, highlights the unfinished agenda of integration. A closer look at the much-disputed Islamic presence in Europe suggests that an interdependent radicalization of Islamism and the European extreme right is a major factor in current political developments. Three concluding chapters adopt specific regional perspectives. Central and Eastern European countries, especially Poland, are following a path that leads to conflicts with dominant orientations of the EU, but this also raises questions about Europe’s future. The record of Scandinavian policies in relation to Europe exemplifies more general problems faced by peripheral regions. Finally, growing dissonances and divergences within the EU may strengthen the case for Eurasian perspectives.

Knowledge about basic life support in European students

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (21) ◽  
pp. 833-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Marton ◽  
Attila Pandúr ◽  
Emese Pék ◽  
Krisztina Deutsch ◽  
Bálint Bánfai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Life Support ◽  
Life Support ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
European Students ◽  
Western European ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
European Youth

Introduction: Better knowledge and skills of basic life support can save millions of lives each year in Europe. Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the knowledge about basic life support in European students. Method: From 13 European countries 1527 volunteer participated in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic questions and knowledge regarding basic life support. The maximum possible score was 18. Results: Those participants who had basic life support training earned 11.91 points, while those who had not participated in lifesaving education had 9.6 points (p<0.001). Participants from former socialist Eastern European countries reached 10.13 points, while Western Europeans had average 10.85 points (p<0.001). The best results were detected among the Swedish students, and the worst among the Belgians. Conclusions: Based on the results, there are significant differences in the knowledge about basic life support between students from different European countries. Western European youth, and those who were trained had better performance. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(21), 833–837.

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