scholarly journals Family and childcare support public expenditures and short-term fertility dynamics

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cosmin Enache
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
Cash Benefits

In a period of very low fertility, effective family and childcare support policy measures are needed. From a wide range of instruments available to government intervention, we focus on public expenditures effects on short-term fertility. Using a sample of 28 European countries in a panel framework, we found that there is a small positive elasticity of crude birth rate to cash benefits related to childbirth and childrearing provided through social security system. Different public services provided to ease the burden of parents and all other benefits in kind, means or non-means tested, are found to be insignificant. These results are robust to alternative methods of estimation. Controlling for country heterogeneity by religion and by culture, some particularly interesting differences in birth rate determinants were highlighted as well.

scholarly journals Reasons and Realities of Health and Geographical Inequality in India: A Study of Inter-State Variations

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Dalip Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

The paper is an attempt to explain the global regional inequality of health indicators and regional variation among Indian states. This analysis will cover through a set of health indicators (mortality and morbidity) like crude birth rate (CBR), crude death rate (CDR), infant mortality rate (IMR), maternal mortality rate (MMR), life expectancy and total fertility rates (TFR). The paper also provides a comparison of public expenditures on health with that of health expenditure in the private sector in India with those of other countries. This article highlights the dimensions and extent of inequities health indicators. The analysis in this study suggests that much of the problem for low health status in these states is also due to low health expenditure which impacts adversely on the health indicators.

scholarly journals Short-Term Health Policy Responses to Crisis and Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
JOHANNA HORNUNG ◽  
NILS C. BANDELOW
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Public Health Expenditures

Abstract The onset of the economic crisis more than a decade ago posed extreme challenges to health care systems that may now be repeated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The resulting policies produced a wide range of (in some cases, even opposite) outcomes: increased or decreased public expenditures for health care. Curiously, however, countries that were considered particularly hard hit by the economic crisis showed different extremes of policy outcomes. Investigating these developments requires a dynamic view and identifying explanations for government action in one direction or the other. Using the lenses of several theoretical perspectives in public policy research, this article analyses the conditions under which public health expenditures changed in European Union member states after the financial crisis. Why did certain countries, at first sight similarly affected, show opposite outcomes? A Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) confirms that left-wing governments and coordinated market economies, in combination and alone, tended to increase public health expenditures in the short term, whereas countries where neither of these conditions was present decreased public health expenditures.

Classical and modern drug extraction techniques: facts and figures

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharti Umrethia ◽  
Bharat Kalsariya ◽  
Prof. P. U. Vaishnav
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Herbal Extract ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Modern Drug ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In The Mists ◽  
Heating Pattern

In present era, herbal extract succeeds inimitable place in pharmaceutical science. In view back the earliest extraction techniques are lost in the mists of history. As time went the plants have been processed by grinding, boiling or immersing. The systemic presentation of Ayurvedic extraction system has been first time familiarized by Acharya Charaka as Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana (five basic primary dosage forms) and based upon these primary dosage forms, secondary dosage forms are developed by using different heating pattern for extraction of pharmacological active ingredients. The administration of these dosage forms is mainly dependent on the Bala (strength) of Vyadhi (disease) and Atura (patient). Due to increased demand of Ayurvedic medicines and industrialization, the transformation of classical dosage forms takes place by implanting a wide range of technologies with different methods of extraction include conventional techniques such as maceration, percolation, infusion, decoction, hot continuous extraction etc. and recently, alternative methods like ultrasound assisted solvent extraction (UASE), microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) and supercritical fluid extractions (SFE). The extract obtained by these procedure uses as a large source of therapeutic phyto-chemicals that may lead to the development of novel drugs. Essentially, the purpose behind this changing face in both the extraction systems are different but can say that it is a new insight from ancient essence.

Effects of Atovaquone on the Ultrastructural Morphology of Pneumocystis Carinii

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 81-82
Author(s):  
M.P. Goheen ◽  
M.S. Bartlett ◽  
M.M. Shaw ◽  
S.R. Meshnick ◽  
J.W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Spinner Flask ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Human Embryonic Lung ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Significant Incidence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) occurs at some time in most patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine isothionate are the traditional modes of therapy for treatment and prophylaxis of PCP. Unfortunately these drugs are associated with a significant incidence of adverse side effects particularly in patients with AIDS. Toxicity and a growing concern that P. carinii strains are becoming resistant to these compounds is providing the impetus for the search for additional drugs to combat P. carinii. Atovaquone, developed as an antimalarial agent, has activity against a wide range of other organisms, including Toxoplasma sp. and P. carinii, with a lower incidence of adverse reactions during clinical trials. Atovaquone inhibits mitochondrial respiration in P. falciparum and P. carinii. In this study transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the effects of atovaquone on P. carinii organisms in short term spinner flask culture.Spinner flask cultures of human embryonic lung cells were inoculated with P. carinii from infected rat lung.

scholarly journals TARGET MODAL SPLIT MODEL

Transport ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Basarić ◽  
Jadranka Jović
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Stepwise Regression ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Statistical Results

The research presented in this paper is aimed at defining a model that enables the management of the relationship between private vehicles and public transport applying the available instruments of city transport policy such as parking policy and public transport policy measures. Statistical data used for modelling is sourced from the database in a wide range of EU cities. The target model was developed in the form of stepwise regression analysis. Very favourable statistical results were obtained, and the subsequent tests on the city of Novi Sad (250000 inhabitants) led to the conclusion that the obtained results were suitable for implementation in practice. The results of the implemented procedure are of great importance for the enhancement of the existing transport policies in cities, as they enable the development of strategies for finding combinations of instruments that would bring the transport system and urban environment into a desired-viable rather than consequential condition.

Measuring the Short-Term Effects of the ECB’s Unconventional Monetary Policy on Financial Markets: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-77
Author(s):  
Lisa-Maria Kampl
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Event Studies ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Unconventional Monetary Policy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Announcement Effects ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Short Term Effects

Following the financial crisis in 2008, the ECB implemented various unconventional policy measures to respond to the tensions on the market. These measures had a significant impact and short-term effects on financial markets. This literature review provides a extensive overview of the empirical literature dealing with the short-term effects of this unconventional monetary policy using event studies. Furthermore, a methodological analysis of conducted event studies is carried out. First, we review empirical event studies focusing on the effects on the bond market, the stock market, as well as on international spill-over effects. Secondly, we carry out a methodological analysis of event studies that estimate the announcement effects of the ECB’s unconventional measures. In this context, the analysis provides insight into the process of determining relevant events, the categorization of those, measuring the surprise component, and determining control variables. By comparing the different approaches applied, we give a comprehensive overview of similarities as well as differences in the methodology used.

Maori fertility in a period of transition

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V Zodgekar
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Age Patterns ◽  
Substantial Decline

SummaryAn analysis of Maori fertility shows that a transition from a high to a low level has begun. The crude birth rate has declined by nearly 28% during the period 1961–72; only a small part of this decline can be attributed to changes in the age–sex and marital status composition.A substantial decline in the fertility of older women has been observed and there are indications of the beginning of a major decline in the fertility of younger women. Since women aged 30–49 still account for 30% of total fertility there is enough potential for a further fertility decline in the later child-bearing years.Age patterns of fertility decline suggest that inter-marriage between Pakehas and Maoris is not a prime cause of the recent fertility decline. The factors which are thought to be responsible for this change in Maori fertility are rapid urbanization, a low level of infant mortality and an increase in the overall level of education.A further decline in Maori fertility will depend on the continuation of the tendency in fertility among the younger women.

scholarly journals Perception of investing in crypto in India using UTAUT model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1396-1400
Author(s):  
Vidhi Shah
Keyword(s):  
Indian Population ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Utaut Model ◽  
Performance Expectancy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effort Expectancy ◽  
Do So

Abstract: This research was conducted to gather data and understand the perception what the Indian population holds when it comes to investing in cryptocurrency. To do so, a survey was designed using the UTAUT model and was circulated by the means of google forms. A wide range of parameters were considered to avail the maximum possible accuracy for the data collected. Parameters like, the ease of investing crypto, short term and long term benefits, monetary benefits, social benefits were considered. All of these parameters were supposed to be answered on a scale of 5. After collecting all the data, the results were analyzed and evaluated using which the hypothesis made were proved. Keywords: Cryptocurrency, UTAUT, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, perceived monetary benefits, perceived safety, social influence, adoption intension.

scholarly journals Observations of rapid-fire event tremor at Lascar volcano, Chile

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Asch ◽  
K. Wylegalla ◽  
M. Hellweg ◽  
D. Seidl ◽  
H. Rademacher
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Seismic Station ◽  
Active Volcano ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fire Event ◽  
Local Seismicity ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lascar Volcano

During the Proyecto de Investigaciòn Sismològica de la Cordillera Occidental (PISCO '94) in the Atacama desert of Northern Chile, a continuously recording broadband seismic station was installed to the NW of the currently active volcano, Lascar. For the month of April, 1994, an additional network of three, short period, three-component stations was deployed around the volcano to help discriminate its seismic signals from other local seismicity. During the deployment, the volcanic activity at Lascar appeared to be limited mainly to the emission of steam and SO2. Tremor from Lascar is a random, «rapid-fire» series of events with a wide range of amplitudes and a quasi-fractal structure. The tremor is generated by an ensemble of independent elementary sources clustered in the volcanic edifice. In the short-term, the excitation of the sources fluctuates strongly, while the long-term power spectrum is very stationary.

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