scholarly journals Toxic effect of poly(hexamethylene guanidine) on diatom algae

2020 ◽  
pp. 1076-1079
Author(s):  
V.V. Annenkov ◽  
◽  
E.N. Danilovtseva ◽  
V.A. Palshin ◽  
T.N. Avezova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Diatom Algae ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Synedra Acus ◽  
First Time

Poly(hexamethylene guanidine) has been used for several decades as a disinfectant for various surfaces and water, including drinking water. Its use has increased significantly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The toxicity of poly(hexamethylene guanidine) has been studied on warmblooded animals and fish, but there is little data on its action on planktonic organisms. For the first time the effect of poly(hexamethylene guanidine) (Anavidin preparation) on diatom algae which are one of the main producers of oxygen and photosynthesized organic substances was studied. The obtained data indicate complete suppression of the growth of the diatom Ulnaria ferefusiformis (formerly known as Synedra acus) at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L. Diatom growth is suppressed by more than 30% at 0.1 mg/L Anavidin, which corresponds to the MAC for water bodies for household and domestic use. Addition of polymeric acids, for example, poly(acrylic acid) partially neutralizes the toxic effect of poly(hexamethylene guanidine). Thus, due to the widespread use of poly(hexamethylene guanidine), it is necessary to thoroughly study its effect on various inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems.

scholarly journals The regulation of phosphate-activated glutaminase activity and glutamine metabolism in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat

1984 ◽  
Vol 224 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Watford ◽  
E M Smith ◽  
E J Erbelding
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Glutamine Metabolism ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Phosphate Activated Glutaminase ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Nh4cl Solution ◽  
Glutaminase Activity

The activity of phosphate-activated glutaminase was increased in the kidney, liver and small intestine of rats made diabetic for 6 days with injection of streptozotocin (75 mg/kg body wt.). Insulin prevented this increase in all three tissues. Treatment with NaHCO3, to correct the acidosis that accompanies diabetes, prevented the increase in renal glutaminase activity, but not that in liver or small intestine. Chemically induced acidosis (NH4Cl solution as drinking water) or alkalosis (NaHCO3 solution as drinking water) increased and decreased, respectively, glutaminase activity in the kidney, but were without significant effect on the activity in liver and small intestine. The increase in glutaminase activity in the small intestine during diabetes was due to an overall increase in the size of this organ, and was only detectable when activity was expressed in terms of whole organ, not mucosal scrapings or isolated enterocytes. Prolonged diabetes (40 days) resulted in an even greater increase in the size and glutaminase activity of the small intestine. Despite this marked increase in capacity for glutamine catabolism, arteriovenous-difference measurements showed a complete suppression of plasma glutamine utilization by the small intestine during diabetes, confirming the report by Brosnan, Man, Hall, Colbourne & Brosnan [(1983) Am. J. Physiol. 235, E261-E265].

scholarly journals The use of differential calculation methods for the destruction of copolymers of polyethylene glycol fumarate with the acrylic acid

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
M.Zh. Burkeev ◽  
◽  
A.Zh. Sarsenbekova ◽  
A.N. Bolatbay ◽  
E.M. Tazhbaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Thermodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Inert Medium ◽  
Good Convergence ◽  
Sample Decomposition ◽  
First Time

In this work, the thermal decomposition of copolymers based on polyethylene glycol fumarate with the acrylic acid using various ratios of initial monomers has been studied for the first time. The samples were studied in air and nitrogen. According to the thermograms analysis, it was found that the copolymer sample decomposition begins at higher temperatures for a copolymer with high content of polyester resin. The copolymer is vigorously oxidized by the oxygen when heated in air, and one can observe almost complete sample decomposition, whereas it decomposes with a residue of ~ 15% in an inert medium. The activation energies for copolymers with different compositions were estimated using the differential methods of Freeman-Carroll, Achar and Sharpe-Wentworth. The activation energy values found by the three methods demonstrated a good convergence. It was shown that, the activation energy values are higher (~ 200 kJ/mol in the inert medium, and ~ 95 kJ/mol in the oxygen atmosphere) for a copolymer with a lower composition of polyester resin, and the activation energy is ~180 and ~85 kJ/mol for a copolymer with a greater composition of p-EGF-AA. The copolymer is more thermostable in the nitrogen atmosphere according to the kinetic parameters. Additionally, there were determined the thermodynamic characteristics, such as the Gibbs energy (∆G) and the entropy (∆S). They also confirm the destruction process dependence on the components ratio in the synthesized copolymer.

Lawyers in the Field

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
Neil Hasser
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Heat Exhaustion ◽  
Physical Limit ◽  
One Step ◽  
First Time ◽  
Provide Drinking Water

The weather during the harvest season in Virginia can be brutal. During one of the worst heat waves in decades, with temperatures soaring above 100 degrees, we were notified about a farmworker named Juan who had died in the field. We left immediately for the camp to speak with other workers about the circumstances. The day before, the grower had been visited and warned by an official about failing to provide drinking water and cups for the workers, not the first time he had received warnings of field negligence. Even on days when water was available, access could be difficult. When the water truck would drive by, workers in the field had to quickly grab one of the vegetables they were picking, cut it in half to use as a drinking cup, and run after the water truck before it left for the adjoining field. We also learned about the implicit understanding between this man's crewleader and the workers: choosing when to take a rest on your own meant no work the following day. You would also be one step closer to being blacklisted from future employment. When Juan had finally reached his physical limit that day, he asked for some time to rest inside the bus, but it was too late. He later died at the hospital from what appeared to be the effects of heat exhaustion. It remains to be seen whether Juan's family will receive any compensation.

scholarly journals Aeromonas detection and their toxins from drinking water from reservoirs and drinking fountains

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini ◽  
Marisa Di Bari ◽  
Petra Sanchez Sanchez ◽  
Maria Inês Zanoli Sato
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Aeromonads are inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems and are described as being involved in intestinal disturbances and other infections. A total of 200 drinking water samples from domestic and public reservoirs and drinking fountains located in São Paulo (Brazil), were analyzed for the presence of Aeromonas. Samples were concentrated by membrane filtration and enriched in APW. ADA medium was used for Aeromonas isolation and colonies were confirmed by biochemical characterization. Strains isolated were tested for hemolysin and toxin production. Aeromonas was detected in 12 samples (6.0%). Aeromonas strains (96) were isolated and identified as: A. caviae (41.7%), A.hydrophila (15.7%), A.allosacharophila (10.4%), A. schubertii (1.0%) and Aeromonas spp. (31.2%).The results revealed that 70% of A. caviae, 66.7% of A. hydrophila, 80% of A. allosacharophila and 46.6% of Aeromonas spp. were hemolytic. The assay for checking production of toxins showed that 17.5% of A. caviae, 73.3% of A. hydrophila, 60% of A. allosacharophila, 100% of A. schubertii, and 33.3% of Aeromonas spp. were able to produce toxins. The results demonstrated the pathogenic potential of Aeromonas, indicating that the presence of this emerging pathogen in water systems is a public health concern.

scholarly journals New and rare species of Volvocaceae (Chlorophyta) in the Polish phycoflora

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa A. Dembowska
Keyword(s):  
Rare Species ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Oxbow Lakes ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
Photographic Documentation ◽  
Pandorina Morum ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
First Time

Seven species of Volvocaceae were recorded in the lower Vistula River and its oxbow lakes, including <em>Pleodorina californica</em> for the first time in Poland. Three species – <em>Eudorina cylindrica</em>, <em>E. illinoisensis</em> and <em>E. unicocca</em> – were found in the Polish Vistula River in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as at present. They are rare species in the Polish aquatic ecosystems. Three species are common both in the oxbow lakes and in the Vistula River: <em>Eudorina elegans</em>, <em>Pandorina morum</em> and <em>Volvox aureus</em>. New and rare Volvocaceae species were described in terms of morphology and ecology; also photographic documentation (light microscope microphotographs) was completed.

Emerging investigator series: formation of brominated haloacetamides from trihalomethanes during zero-valent iron reduction and subsequent booster chlorination in drinking water distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1244-1255
Author(s):  
Pengzhou Luo ◽  
FeiFei Wang ◽  
Stuart W. Krasner ◽  
Chao Fang ◽  
Shenghua Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Toxicity Risk ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Booster Chlorination ◽  
First Time

This study investigated the transformation of a THM mixture and the change of toxicity risk in drinking water distribution systems for the first time.

Structural state and thermodynamic stability of Al–Cu alloys

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (08) ◽  
pp. 2050057
Author(s):  
Nataliia Filonenko
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Stability ◽  
Crystallization Process ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Liquidus Line ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Cu Alloy ◽  
Cu Alloys ◽  
High Temperature Expansion ◽  
First Time

It is known that processes occurring in binary system melts affect the crystallization process and the phase composition of alloys. To predict these processes, we should determine the region of thermodynamic stability of the melt. In this paper, the structural properties of hypoeutectic and hypereutectic alloys in Al–Cu system are studied depending on the heating temperature above the liquidus line and aftercooling rate. It is shown that overheating of Al–Cu melts to 150 K above the liquidus line and further cooling leads to complete suppression of the process of formation of primary aluminum crystals in hypoeutectic alloys and [Formula: see text] phase in hypereutectic alloys. For the first time, by accounting in Gibbs energy of binary Al–Cu alloy for the first degree approximation of high-temperature expansion of thermodynamic potential, the dependence of temperature of line of the melt thermodynamic stability on copper content in alloy is obtained.

scholarly journals Application of Inorganic Fertilizers and Organic Manures on the Production of Autotrophic Plankton in Madhupur Tract Soil Contained Miniature Tank

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
ME Huda ◽  
MR Nabi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Average Water Temperature ◽  
Organic Manures ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Domestic Use

Appropriate fertilizer and their impact on physico-chemical parameters of water and productivity is very important for aquaculture and ecology. Optimum fertilizer dose can help in fish farmer as well as aquaculture sector. From the study it was found that the total physicochemical parameters of water were suitable for aquaculture, drinking water, irrigation and domestic use. The average water temperature was 26.45±2.75oC; 26.50±3.24oC; 25.83±4.08oC; 26.57±3.02oC and 26.53±2.93oC for MCRT-1 to 5 gradually. Water pH in an average was 7.37±0.61; 7.44±0.55; 7.25±0.58; 7.33±0.54 and 7.47±0.49 for Minature Circular Research Tank (MCRT)-1 to 5 respectively. Average water DO were 6.98±1.05 mgl-1; 6.75±1.53 mgl-1; 6.90±1.64 mgl-1; 6.59±1.19mgl-1 and 6.77±1.60mgl-1 for MCRT-1 to 5 respectively. Average water hardness were 71.88 ± 20.47 mgl-1; 60.5 ±2 1.25 mgl-1; 83.38 ± 23.39 mgl-1; 59.13 ± 25.57 mgl-1 and 52.63 ± 7.92 mgl-1 for MCRT-1 to 5 gradually. Average water total phosphorus were 0.77 ± 0.18 mgl-1; 0.83 ± 0.19 mgl-1; 0.78 ± 0.21 mgl-1; 0.84 ± 0.17 mgl-1 and 0.84 ± 0.16 mgl-1 for MCRT-1 to 5 gradually. From planktonic study it was found that the highest phytoplankton and Zooplankton were in MCRT-3. Phytoplanktons were under 27 no. of genera. Their groups were Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Hepatecae.Zooplankton were five major taxa and they were Protozoa, Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepod and Ostracoda respectively.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(1): 9-14 2017

Histopathological alterations of selenium toxicity induced in broiler (Birds)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avnish Kumar Gautam ◽  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Manoj Kumar Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Biochemical Parameter ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Group A

A study was conducted to determine the pathological toxic effect of selenium (Sodium selenite). A total number 120 one day old White Leghorn (WLH) healthy broiler birds were randomly divided into A, B and C groups. Each group contain 40 birds daily administration of sodium selenite @ 30ppm and @ 15 ppm in group A and B, respectively and group C was given plain drinking water daily for 42 days and kept as control. Macroscopically and microscopically revealed varying degrees of congestion and haemorrhages in lungs, liver, kidneys, heart and intestine in selenium treated birds. The bursa of Fabricius showed depletion of lymphoid cells between the interfollicular spaces. A significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in the haemoglobin and packed cell volume was noticed in both the selenium fed groups but the total erythrocyte count remain unchanged. Biochemical parameter revealed slight decline in their activity of serum ALT and AST and increased level of BUN and creatinine in group A and B as compared to group C, suggesting some degree of renal dysfunctioning.

Ovine ill-thrift in Nova Scotia. 9. Production of experimental quantities of isocyanide metabolites of Trichoderma hamatum

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1252-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brewer ◽  
A. Feicht ◽  
A. Taylor ◽  
J. W. Keeping ◽  
A. A. Taha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Antibiotic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trichoderma Hamatum ◽  
Laboratory Cultures ◽  
Unstable Compound ◽  
First Time

Laboratory cultures of Trichoderma hamatum produce metabolites that are characterized by an isocyanide functionality. Three such metabolites predominate. One is the known compound trichoviridin (I). The other two, described here for the first time, are 3-(3-isocyano-6-oxabicyclo[3,1,0]hex-2-en-5-yl)acrylic acid (II) and a very unstable compound 3-(3-isocyanocyclopent-2-enylidene-)propionic acid (III). Production of these three metabolites by a random sample of wild isolates of the fungus has been examined. At least one of these isocyanides was isolated from all cultures in which the culture broth inhibited the growth of Micrococcus luteus. The relative amounts of the three isocyanides produced by individual isolates were not the same and cultures were found in which I, II, or III was the main product. The isocyanide III was produced by all wild isolates which had antibiotic activity in their culture broth, and it was present in the concentration range 2–40 mg∙L−1.

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