Iron Artefacts from the DGB-1 Site, Northern Cameroon: Conservation, Metallurgical Analysis and Ethnoarchaeological Analogies

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott MacEachern ◽  
David A. Scott ◽  
Molly O'Guinness Carlson ◽  
Jean-Marie Datouang Djoussou
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Eutectoid Steel ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Metallurgical Analysis ◽  
Northern Cameroon ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Iron Working ◽  
Rare Opportunity ◽  
Forms Of Iron

In 2008, a number of iron artefacts were recovered from an interior courtyard on the DGB-1 site during fieldwork in 2008. DGB-1 is a large multi-function site located in the northeastern Mandara Mountains of Cameroon, and dating to the mid-second millennium AD. The iron artefacts recovered included a cache of spear/arrow points found buried under a living floor, as well as a local hoe and a chain and a ‘barrette’ probably not of local provenance. This discovery has a number of points of interest: (1) ethnoarchaeological reenactments of iron smelts in the 1980s in the same region provide a rare opportunity for comparison of iron-working techniques over about five centuries in sub-Saharan Africa; (2) the variability in different forms of iron (including eutectoid steel) used in these artefacts; and (3) the welding of different forms of iron to produce composite artefacts.

scholarly journals Pratiques Paysannes De Production Durable Des Graines De Voandzou [Vigna Subterranea (L.) Verdc.] Pour La Sécurité Alimentaire Dans Le Cameroun Septentrional

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Madou Chantal ◽  
Watching Djakissam ◽  
Vatsou Jeremie ◽  
Ardjoune Fatime ◽  
Ndjouenkeu Robert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Leguminous Plant ◽  
Northern Cameroon ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Local Plants

Bambara groundnut is a leguminous plant with high nutritive value of Sub Saharan Africa. In spite of its high potential in alimentation, the Bambara groundnut is less popularized. This crop grows on acid, dry and less fertile soils and may therefore be a resilient crop in the context of climatic variability. The present work aims to identify of all the morphotypes of this culture and the usual tools of conservation of its seeds during the storage process. Investigations carried out during 3 agricultural campaigns showed that women more than 40 years old represents more than 98% of producers of Bambara groundnuts in northern Cameroon. The production concerns 54 morphotypes use as food or as medicinal plants. During storage of grains of this legumes, the major pest is the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae). Under traditional production way, the limitation of the postharvest losses due to this pest is done either by the use of 21 local plants as botanical insecticide or by the use of 25 industrial chemical pesticides.

scholarly journals Business Visibility and Taxation in Northern Cameroon

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
José-María Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Business Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
State Control ◽  
Tax Effort ◽  
Northern Cameroon ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The One

Abstract:Through an analysis of the taxation of business activities in Adamaoua Province, Cameroon, this article aims to provide ethnographic substance to current debates about the “tax effort” in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the current mission of the tax authorities to identify all potential taxpayers and track their locations, movements, and activities is often presented in the context of nationwide reform and a commitment to making all taxable enterprises visible, a close examination of the government's practices reveals other factors at work. The case of cattle traders in particular shows that taxation policies in Adamaoua today are based on an interplay between, on the one hand, modes of state control and levels of administrative ef-ficiency, and on the other, longstanding repertoires of business practice and idioms of documentation.

scholarly journals Analyzing of a Photovoltaic/Wind/Biogas/Pumped-Hydro Off-Grid Hybrid System for Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa—Case study of Djoundé in Northern Cameroon

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Yimen ◽  
Oumarou Hamandjoda ◽  
Lucien Meva’a ◽  
Benoit Ndzana ◽  
Jean Nganhou
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Rural Electrification ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Northern Cameroon ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sub Saharan

Traditional electrification methods, including grid extension and stand-alone diesel generators, have shown limitations to sustainability in the face of rural electrification challenges in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where electrification rates remain the lowest in the world. This study aims at performing a techno-economic analysis and optimization of a pumped-hydro energy storage based 100%-renewable off-grid hybrid energy system for the electrification of Djoundé, which is a small village in northern Cameroon. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software was used as an analysis tool, and the resulting optimal system architecture included an 81.8 kW PV array and a 15 kW biogas generator, with a cost of energy (COE) and total net present cost (NPC) of €0.256/kWh and €370,426, respectively. The system showed promise given the upcoming decrease in installation cost of photovoltaic systems. It will be viable in parts of SSA region but, significant investment subsidies will be needed elsewhere. The originality of this study can be emphasized in three points: (1) the modelling with the recently introduced pumped-hydro component of HOMER; (2) broadening sensitivity analysis applications to address practical issues related to hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES); and, (3) consideration of the agricultural sector and seasonal variation in the assessment of the electricity demand in an area of SSA.

Bantu Genesis—Archaeological Reflexions

1968 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merrick Posnansky
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
East African ◽  
The West ◽  
East African Coast ◽  
Primary Cultivation ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Iron Working ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Valley Area

The article presents a reassessment of the archaeological background for the prehistory of the Bantu movements. The differences between the Channelled wares of Central Africa and the Dimple-based wares of East Africa are demonstrated and the greater abundance of Dimple-based ware sites noted. In both cases the distribution is largely in areas suitable for primary cultivation such as river valleys and lakeside areas. It is suggested that both wares are derived from pottery traditions originating to the west of their eastern African distribution areas. Recent evidence would indicate that iron working spread to sub-Saharan Africa both from West Africa and also, via the East African coast, from the Red Sea, and that the earliest iron-using peoples in southern Africa were probably not all negroes. It is also suggested that a negro foraging population was perhaps present in Central Africa before the arrival of agriculture. On agricultural origins, it is noted that some agriculture existed in the Rift valley area by perhaps as early as 1000 b.c., though the main expansion of agriculture is postulated as being of western origin. In conclusion it would appear that the West African origins of Bantu genesis are more important than suggested by Oliver in Journal of African History, Volume VII, and almost certainly antedate the 2000 years timescale previously advanced.

Bassar: a quantified, chronologically controlled, regional approach to a traditional iron production centre in West Africa

Africa ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip de Barros
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Iron Production ◽  
Regional Approach ◽  
Colonial Archives ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Iron Working

Opening ParagraphUntil quite recently little was known about the output of traditional ironworking centres in sub-Saharan Africa. Although some estimates were made for a few centres by colonial administrators and agents, the reliability of many of these figures is doubtful (see Pole, 1983; de Barros, 1985: 270–71) and some of the more interesting data still lie buried in colonial archives. The first serious scholarly attempt at quantification of precolonial African iron production was made by Warnier and Fowler (1979) who investigated iron production in the Iron Belt of the Cameroon grasslands, particularly that associated with the nineteenthcentury Babungo chiefdom. Since then Goucher (1981, 1984) and Pole (1983), and to a lesser extent Haaland (1980), have provided some important quantitative data regarding both large and small iron working centres in West Africa.

scholarly journals Women's Income-Generating Activities and Gender Roles in Rural Households in Mayo Danay Division, Northern Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Jasmine SILIKAM ◽  
◽  
Angeline Raymonde NGO ESSOUNGA
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Northern Cameroon ◽  
Income Generating Activities ◽  
Sub Saharan

In sub-Saharan Africa, women participate in the rural labor market where they are present in subsistence agro-pastoral activities, which are more domestic work and, in other income-generating rural activities such as trading. Within the studies carried out on women’s status in communities, those on women's access to income-generating activities in certain contexts such as Ghanaian urban areas, have revealed that, income-generating activities contribute to a redistribution of gender roles in households. This paper by questioning the impacts of women's economic activities on gender relations within households in rural areas of Northern Cameroon, aims to analyse the realities faced by women involved in income-generating activities in a particular rural area to assess if the changes mentioned above happened in all communities. The data used for this work are empirical data from a qualitative survey of 48 women living in 8 villages in Mayo Danay, an administrative territory in Northern Cameroon. The results of this survey reveal that rural women involved in income-generating activities are both breadwinners and domestic workers. Contrary to what was observed in Ghana, the status of female breadwinners does not participate in the emancipation of women. Indeed, even with their means of production, women are still dependent on men and are still alone to bear the burden of the domestic work. Access of women to income-generating activities and their participation in household expenditures have surely reduced poverty in households but have not contributed to gender roles changes.

scholarly journals Women's Income-Generating Activities and Gender Roles in Rural Households in Mayo Danay Division, Northern Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Jasmine SILIKAM ◽  
Angeline Raymonde NGO ESSOUNGA
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Northern Cameroon ◽  
Income Generating Activities ◽  
Sub Saharan

In sub-Saharan Africa, women participate in the rural labor market where they are present in subsistence agro-pastoral activities, which are more domestic work and, in other income-generating rural activities such as trading. Within the studies carried out on women’s status in communities, those on women's access to income-generating activities in certain contexts such as Ghanaian urban areas, have revealed that, income-generating activities contribute to a redistribution of gender roles in households. This paper by questioning the impacts of women's economic activities on gender relations within households in rural areas of Northern Cameroon, aims to analyse the realities faced by women involved in income-generating activities in a particular rural area to assess if the changes mentioned above happened in all communities. The data used for this work are empirical data from a qualitative survey of 48 women living in 8 villages in Mayo Danay, an administrative territory in Northern Cameroon. The results of this survey reveal that rural women involved in income-generating activities are both breadwinners and domestic workers. Contrary to what was observed in Ghana, the status of female breadwinners does not participate in the emancipation of women. Indeed, even with their means of production, women are still dependent on men and are still alone to bear the burden of the domestic work. Access of women to income-generating activities and their participation in household expenditures have surely reduced poverty in households but have not contributed to gender roles changes.

RTS,S/AS01, a vaccine targeting pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.

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