scholarly journals Temporal variations of organic matter fractions of different lability in an Entic Haplustoll

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Antonela Iturri ◽  
Graciela Gloria Hevia ◽  
Montserrat Diaz Raviña ◽  
Daniel Eduardo Buschiazzo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C

Stable and labile soil organic compounds play different roles in the soil. It is a question of how far soil organic matter (SOM) fractions with different labilities vary as a function of climatic and management conditions. In order to answer this question stable (organic C -C-, total N -N-, organic P -Po-), and labile SOM fractions (total carbohydrates -CHt- and hot water soluble carbohydrates -CHw-) were measured monthly for two years in the 10-cm soil top-layer of an Entic Haplustoll, under conventional tillage (CT), vertical tillage (VT) and no-till (NT). Results showed that contents of all analyzed organic fractions were higher in NT than in VT and CT in almost all sampling dates. All organic compounds were less variable with time in NT and VT than in CT, in agreement with the smaller soil disturbance of NT and VT compared to CT. The more labile fractions varied as a function of short term changes in the climatic conditions, mainly temperature. Under soil disturbing tillage systems, the most stable fractions tended to decrease and the more labile to increase with time. This was attributed to the transformation of the more stable into the more labile fractions, possibly due to the disruption of aggregates produced by tillage that favored SOM mineralization. Po was the less variable compound, even under the most disturbing tillage conditions. The quotients C/N, CHt/C and CHw/C evolved similarly in all tillage systems, indicating that that tillage systems change the amount but not the quality of SOM.

scholarly journals Influence of long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 314-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Šimon ◽  
A. Czakó
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soluble C ◽  
Organic And Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Total Organic C

This study assesses the effect of long-term (59 years) application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil organic matter and enzyme activity. Total organic C, total organic N, hot water soluble C, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity were evaluated in soil from the long-term field experiment in Prague-Ruzyně (Orthic Luvisol, clay loam). Total organic C and N increased significantly in soils treated with organic fertilizers (farmyard manure, compost) and in soils with a combination of organic and mineral NPK fertilizers (manure + NPK, compost + NPK, cattle manure + straw + NPK) compared to soil treated with inorganic fertilizer, cattle slurry + straw and non-fertilized control. Farmyard manure significantly increased hot water soluble C compared to the control. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly increased by all treatments compared to control. The results indicate that additions of organic matter from various sources differ in the effects on soil organic matter and biological activity. The effect of manure was the most favourable; long-term application of cattle slurry + straw is rather similar to mineral fertilization.

Early changes in water-stable aggregation induced by rotation and tillage in a soil under barley production

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Angers ◽  
N. Samson ◽  
A. Légère
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Soil Aggregation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Water Stable Aggregates

Crop rotations and tillage practices can alter the structure of die soil through their effects on soil disturbance and mixing and on organic matter (OM) accumulation and mineralization. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in soil water-stable aggregation induced by 4 yr of different rotation and tillage practices on a Kamouraska clay at La Pocatière, Quebec. The influence of soil water content (WC) at time of sampling and of different biological and biochemical properties on soil aggregation was also examined. Two rotations (continuous barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) vs. a 2-yr barley–red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) rotation) and three tillage treatments (moldboard plowing (MP) chisel plowing (CP) and no-tillage (NT)) were compared in a split-plot design. Measurements of the size distribution of water-stable aggregates were made on surface (0–7.5 cm) soil samples taken periodically during the 4-yr period. Rotations had no effect on soil aggregation. The mean-weight diameter (MWD) of water-stable aggregates did not vary significantly with time under the NT treatment during the study but decreased significantly under the MP and CP treatments. In the fourth growing season, MWD values in NT plots were on average 40% higher than in MP and CP plots, which were both similar. The larger values in MWD under NT were attributable to a larger proportion of aggregates > 2 mm at the expense of smaller ones (< 1 mm). The MWD data showed important temporal fluctuations, which could in part be explained by the effects of WC at time of sampling. This effect of WC on MWD was less apparent under NT, which suggested that these aggregates were less susceptible to slaking. Among different OM fractions, the proportion of organic C present as hot-water-soluble carbohydrates was best correlated with MWD. Key words: Soil management, aggregation, slaking

scholarly journals Long – term evalutation of the organic matter balance and its relations to the organic C content in the topsoils in Ústí nad Orlicí district

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Dostál ◽  
Dana Cerhanová ◽  
Lenka Hajzlerová ◽  
Jana Martincová ◽  
Petra Pospíšilová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Hydrophobicity Index ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Organic Fertilisers

Organic matter balance in the farms located in Ústí nad Orlicí district has been investigated since 1979. As a result, so called need of organic fertilisation, has been determined and the supply of the organic fertilisers to soils, e.g. farmyard manure, slurries and also straw and green manure has been monitored over the whole time period. About 45 % of the arable land area in the district has been monitored.In addition to the organic matter balance, we determined several soil organic matter characteristics in soil samples (organic C, N and S contents, inert and decomposable C content, hot water soluble C content, hydrophobicity index calculated from the DRIFT spectrometry, available P, K, Ca and Mg contents and pH).The relationships between the organic matter supply with supplemental sources organic fertilisers and all the selected soil organic matter characteristics were statistically significant. Significant correlations were also found for the relationships between the organic matter need and all the selected soil organic matter characteristics.

Comparative effectiveness of phosphate-enriched compost and single superphosphate on yield, uptake of nutrients and soil quality under soybean–wheat rotation

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. MANNA ◽  
P. K. GHOSH ◽  
B. N. GHOSH ◽  
K. N. SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soluble P

Low organic matter concentration coupled with low native soil phosphorus (P) concentrations is a major constraint limiting the productivity of a soybean–wheat system on Vertisols in the Indian semi-arid tropics. In a 3-year field study (1996–99), the performance of four different composts obtained from legume straw (Glycine max Merr.L), cereal straw (Triticum aestivum), oilseed straw (Brassica juncea L.) and city rubbish were compared, and also with chemical fertilizers in terms of degree of maturity, quality of compost, improvement in soil organic matter, biological activities of soil and yields of soybean and wheat. Phospho-sulpho-nitrocomposts (phosphocomposts) were prepared containing approximately 2·5 to 4·2% P and 1·4 to 2·3% N, in an aerobic decomposition process for 4 months by adding an aqueous slurry of 1:1 (dry weight) cow dung, 2·2% P in the form of low grade Mussorie phosphate rock (7·5% P), 10% pyrite (S, 22·2%) and 0·5% urea N, and bioinoculums such as the cellulose decomposers Paecilomyces fusisporus and Aspergillus awamori, and P-solubilizing organisms i.e. Bacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas striata. The maturity indexes were strongly associated with the source of materials, chemical composition and degree of decomposition. The matured composts had lower C/N ratios (8·2 to 21·7) and water soluble carbohydrates (0·23 to 0·43%) and larger ratios of cation exchange capacity/total organic carbon (CEC/TOC) and lignin/cellulose than the initial. The matured compost increased total P, water soluble P, citrate soluble P, total N and NO3-N and the application of phosphocompost at the rate of 10 t/ha gave plant growth dry matter accumulation, seed yield and P uptake by soybean equivalent to single superphosphate at 26·2 kg P/ha. The continuous turnover of enriched phosphocompost increased soil microbial biomass C and the activity of enzymes compared to application of chemical fertilizer.

Soil stripping and replacement for the rehabilitation of bauxite-mined land at Weipa. I. Initial changes to soil organic matter and related parameters

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Schwenke ◽  
D. R. Mulligan ◽  
L. C. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Double Pass ◽  
Organic C ◽  
The Difference

At Weipa, in Queensland, Australia, sown tree and shrub species sometimes fail to establish on bauxite-mined land, possibly because surface-soil organic matter declines during soil stripping and replacement. We devised 2 field experiments to investigate the links between soil rehabilitation operations, organic matter decline, and revegetation failure. Experiment 1 compared two routinely practiced operations, dual-strip (DS) and stockpile soil, with double-pass (DP), an alternative method, and subsoil only, an occasional result of the DS operation. Other treatments included variations in stripping-time, ripping-time, fertiliser rate, and cultivation. Dilution of topsoil with subsoil, low-grade bauxite, and ironstone accounted for the 46% decline of surface-soil (0–10 cm) organic C in DS compared with pre-strip soil. In contrast, organic C in the surface-soil (0–10 cm) of DP plots (25.0 t/ha) closely resembled the pre-strip area (28.6 t/ha). However, profile (0–60 cm) organic C did not differ between DS (91.5 t/ha), DP (107 t/ha), and pre-strip soil (89.9 t/ha). Eighteen months after plots were sown with native vegetation, surface-soil (0–10 cm) organic C had declined by an average of 9% across all plots. In Experiment 2, we measured the potential for post-rehabilitation decline of organic matter in hand-stripped and replaced soil columns that simulated the DS operation. Soils were incubated in situ without organic inputs. After 1 year’s incubation, organic C had declined by up to 26% and microbial biomass C by up to 61%. The difference in organic C decline between vegetated replaced soils (Expt 1) and bare replaced soils (Expt 2) showed that organic inputs affect levels of organic matter more than soil disturbance. Where topsoil was replaced at the top of the profile (DP) and not ploughed, inputs from volunteer native grasses balanced oxidation losses and organic C levels did not decline.

scholarly journals Distribution and vertical stratification of carbon and nitrogen in soil under different managements in the pampean region of Argentina

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1985-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Rosa Álvarez ◽  
Alejandro Oscar Costantini ◽  
Alfredo Bono ◽  
Miguel Ángel Taboada ◽  
Flavio Hernán Gutiérrez Boem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Pools ◽  
No Till ◽  
Total Organic C

One of the expected benefits of no-tillage systems is a higher rate of soil C sequestration. However, higher C retention in soil is not always apparent when no-tillage is applied, due e.g., to substantial differences in soil type and initial C content. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of no-tillage management to increase the stock of total organic C in soils of the Pampas region in Argentina. Forty crop fields under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems and seven undisturbed soils were sampled. Total organic C, total N, their fractions and stratification ratios and the C storage capacity of the soils under different managements were assessed in samples to a depth of 30 cm, in three layers (0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm). The differences between the C pools of the undisturbed and cultivated soils were significant (p < 0.05) and most pronounced in the top (0-5 cm) soil layer, with more active C near the soil surface (undisturbed > no-tillage > conventional tillage). Based on the stratification ratio of the labile C pool (0-5/5-15 cm), the untilled were separated from conventionally tilled areas. Much of the variation in potentially mineralizable C was explained by this active C fraction (R² = 0.61) and by total organic C (R² = 0.67). No-till soils did not accumulate more organic C than conventionally tilled soils in the 0-30 cm layer, but there was substantial stratification of total and active C pools at no till sites. If the C stratification ratio is really an indicator of soil quality, then the C storage potential of no-tillage would be greater than in conventional tillage, at least in the surface layers. Particulate organic C and potentially mineralizable C may be useful to evaluate variations in topsoil organic matter.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Doses of Nutrients on Changes of Soil Organic Matter in Rendzic Leptosol

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Vladimír Šimanský ◽  
Erika Tobiašová
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Different Doses

Abstract The effect of different doses of NPK fertilizer on the changes in quantity and quality of soil organic matter (SOM) in Rendzic Leptosol was evaluated. Soil samples were taken from three treatments of different fertilization: (1) control - without fertilization, (2) NPK 1 - doses of NPK fertilizer in 1st degree intensity for vine, and (3) NPK 3 - doses of NPK fertilizer in 3rd degree intensity for vine in the vineyard. Soil samples were collected in years 2008-2011 during the spring. The higher dose of NPK fertilizer (3rd degree intensity of vineyards fertilization) was responsible for the higher content of labile carbon (by 21% in 0-0.3 m and by 11% as average of the two depths 0-0.3 m and 0.3-0.6 m). However, by application of a higher dose of NPK (1.39%) in comparison to no fertilizer treatment (1.35%) or NPK 1 (1.35%) the tendency of total organic carbon content increase and hot-water soluble carbon decrease were determined. Fertilization had a negative effect on SOM stability. Intensity of fertilization affected the changes in quantity and quality of SOM; therefore it is very important to pay attention to the quantity and quality of organic matter in productive vineyards.

Sulfur forms in bulk soils and alkaline soil extracts of tropical mountain ecosystems in northern Thailand

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Möller ◽  
K. Kaiser ◽  
N. Kanchanakool ◽  
C. Anecksamphant ◽  
W. Jirasuktaveekul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Organic S

Sulfur, besides phosphorus, is crucial for the nutrition of plants on tropical soils. Its availability is closely related to the turnover of soil organic matter. To get a better insight into transformation of soil S forms during the decomposition of organic matter, we studied inorganic and organic S pools in bulk samples and alkaline extracts of soils under different land uses representative of the tropical highlands of northern Thailand. Samples were taken from a cabbage cultivation, a Pinus reforestation, a secondary forest, and a primary forest. Total S ranged from 483 549 mg&sol;kg in the subsoil to 1909 376 mg&sol;kg in the organic layers, which is relatively high for tropical soils. The major S component in soil was organic S, comprising 75–99&percnt; of total S. Organic S was significantly correlated with total S, organic C, and total N, indicating that there is a close relationship between C, N, and S cycling in soil. C-bonded S was the predominant form in the topsoils (35–99&percnt; of total S) but its presence decreased with soil depth. The maximum concentrations of ester SO4-S were found in the A horizons (128 49 mg&sol;kg), whereas the concentrations of inorganic SO4-S were small in all horizons. Compared with the forest site, the cabbage cultivation site was strongly depleted in S. C-bonded S was more depleted than ester SO4-S. A comparison of the S forms in NaOH extracts with S forms in bulk soil and C forms as indicated by 13C-NMR spectroscopy showed (i) that the extracts were very representative of soil organic S fractions and (ii) that ester SO4-S was mainly associated with O-substituted aliphatic C. In contrast, C-bonded S seemed to be connected to more-or-less all C binding types. transformation of soil organic matter, sulfate.

The effect of paraformaldehyde on the fermentation quality and feeding value of ryegrass and lucerne silages

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-470
Author(s):  
J. E. Cook ◽  
R. J. Wilkins ◽  
R. F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Total N ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARYCrops of perennial ryegrass and lucerne were each ensiled without additives and after the addition of paraformaldehyde to provide about 0·1, 0·2 or 0·4% HCHO/t crop fresh weight. The ryegrass and lucerne silages were offered ad libitum to sheep in separate experiments of identical design.All theryegrass silages were well preserved with low pH values, the level of butyric acid was very low and ammonia-N comprised less than 8% of total N. The lucerne silage made without additive had a pH of 5 and acetic acid comprised the major part of the total fermentation acids. Ammonia-N comprised over 12% of total N. All levels of paraformaldehyde addition restricted fermentation in both crops and led to an increase in the proportion of total N which was insoluble in hot water.Voluntary intake of organic matter (OM) was higher for the lucerne than for the ryegrass silages but digestible organic matter (DOM) intake was higher for the ryegrass. Intakes of OM and DOM were not significantly affected by paraformaldehyde treatment. The addition of paraformaldehyde significantly depressed apparent digestibility of OM and cellulose with the ryegrass but had less effect with the lucerne. Nitrogen digestibility was significantly depressed in both crops at all paraformaldehyde levels. Paraformaldehyde addition resulted in increased faecal N output and decreased urinary N, but retention of N was not significantly affected.The lack of response in feeding value to paraformaldehyde treatment may have been due to the relatively high intake and N retention of the untreated silages which were fairly well preserved.

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