COVID-19 Crisis Effects on Caregiver Distress in Neurocognitive Disorder

Background: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic seems to have mental health implications for both people with neurocognitive disorder and their caregivers. Objective: The study aimed to shed light on relations between caregiver mental reaction to the pandemic and caregiver distress related to neuropsychiatric symptoms, memory impairment progression, and functional impairment of people with neurocognitive disorder during the period of confinement in Greece. Methods: The study included caregivers of patients with mild (N = 13) and major (N = 54) neurocognitive disorder. The caregiver-based telephone interview was based on items of the neuropsychiatric inventory questionnaire, the AD8 Dementia Screening Instrument, and the Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale. Regarding the mental impact of the COVID-19 crisis on caregivers, four single questions referring to their worries in the last seven days were posed, in addition to the scales Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) and the 22-item Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R). A stepwise linear regression model was employed for studying the relationship between caregiver distress and demographic and clinical data and caregiver mental reaction to COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Results: Caregiver distress severity during the confinement period was influenced not only by memory deficits (p = 0.009) and neuropsychiatric symptoms (p < 0.001) of patients, but also by caregiver hyperarousal (p = 0.003) and avoidance symptoms (p = 0.033) and worries directly linked to the COVID-19 crisis (p = 0.022). Conclusion: These observations provide further evidence for the urgent need for support of caregivers of patients with neurocognitive disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Relationship between psychiatric impairment and a natural disaster: the role of distress

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700001963 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 129-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

A. C. McFarlane

Keyword(s):

Natural Disaster ◽

General Health ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Health Questionnaire ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

SynopsisThe relationship between adversity, distress and psychiatric impairment was examined in a group of 469 firefighters who had an intense exposure to an Australian bushfire disaster. The data suggested that psychiatric impairment measured by the General Health Questionnaire and distress measured by the Impact of Event Scale were relatively separate phenomena. Psychiatric impairment in these people appeared to be related more to their level of distress after the fires than to the severity of their exposure and losses.

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Social Media Exposure, Psychological Distress, Emotion Regulation, and Depression During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Community Samples in China

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644899 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yu-ting Zhang ◽

Rui-ting Li ◽

Xiao-jun Sun ◽

Ming Peng ◽

Xu Li

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Emotion Regulation ◽

Psychological Distress ◽

Media Exposure ◽

Expressive Suppression ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global emergency, affecting millions of individuals both physically and psychologically. The present research investigated the associations between social media exposure and depression during the COVID-19 outbreak by examining the mediating role of psychological distress and the moderating role of emotion regulation among members of the general public in China. Participants (N = 485) completed a set of questionnaires online, including demographic information, self-rated physical health, and social media exposure to topics related to COVID-19. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were utilized to measure psychological distress about COVID-19, depression, and emotion regulation strategies, respectively. Results found that older age and greater levels of social media exposure were associated with more psychological distress about the virus (r = 0.14, p = 0.003; r = 0.22, p < 0.001). Results of the moderated mediation model suggest that psychological distress mediated the relationship between social media exposure and depression (β = 0.10; Boot 95% CI = 0.07, 0.15). Furthermore, expressive suppression moderated the relationship between psychological distress and depression (β = 0.10, p = 0.017). The findings are discussed in terms of the need for mental health assistance for individuals at high risk of depression, including the elderly and individuals who reported greater psychological distress and those who showed preference usage of suppression, during the COVID-19 crisis.

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Bereavement and Stress of a Miscarriage: As it Affects the Couple

OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying ◽

10.2190/dqnq-pfam-7v00-52f3 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 317-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Loraine Alderman ◽

June Chisholm ◽

Florence Denmark ◽

Stephen Salbod

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Response Pattern ◽

Perinatal Death ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Major Purpose ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Perinatal death affects nearly one-third of all pregnant women (Toedter, Lasker, & Alhadeff, 1988). Of the different forms of perinatal death, this study explored the psychological impact of grief and stress in couples who experienced a miscarriage. Using the Grief Experience Inventory—Loss Version and The Impact of Event Scale, this study specifically looked at the differences between the couple in how they grieve and experience the stress of the miscarriage. Profile analyses indicated that the women's overall response pattern to the bereavement scales was different from their partners. In addition, women reported significantly higher Intrusive Distress than their partners. Results suggest that a miscarriage affects the woman and her partner, as well as the relationship of the couple. The major purpose of this investigation was to study the psychological experience of a miscarriage, and to determine if women and their partners experience the loss differently.

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The Relationship between Mindfulness and Sleep Quality is Mediated by Emotion Regulation

Psychiatry International ◽

10.3390/psychiatryint1020007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 42-66

Author(s):

Garrett Talley ◽

John Shelley-Tremblay

Keyword(s):

Emotion Regulation ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Quality Index ◽

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽

Self Report ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Acting With Awareness ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Background: Sleep is critical to a person’s overall physical and mental health. The current study investigated the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality, to determine if this relationship is influenced by emotion regulation and perceived stress. Method: Three hundred sixty-seven undergraduate students responded to five self-report measures, (1) The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS-R), (2) The Impact of Event Scale (IES-R), (3) The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), (4) The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and (5) The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: Results revealed (1) sleep quality was predicted by the presence of hyperarousal, acting with awareness, and the CAMS-R, (2) the Impact of Event Scale was moderately positively correlated with a person’s global score on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and (3) the relationship between mindfulness and sleep quality was mediated by hyperarousal. Conclusions: Together, our findings suggest that higher levels of intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and hyperarousal are correlated with lower overall sleep quality, and the use of mindfulness techniques such as acting with awareness and being non-reacting to negative thoughts or hyperarousal may help predict an individual’s sleep quality.

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The Relationship between Psychological Impact and Self-control in Chinese Residents outside Hubei Province during the Epidemic of COVID-19: The mediation of self-regulated fatigue

10.21203/rs.3.rs-99983/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lian Xiong ◽

Liangshi Yan ◽

Xin Wang ◽

Chu Yang

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Hubei Province ◽

Self Control ◽

Control Scale ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Different Levels

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to study the psychological impact of COVID-19 on Chinese residents outside the Hubei province and the relationship among impact of event, self-regulated fatigue and self-control. Subject and Methods: The 400 questionnaires had been collected through an online survey platform from 30th January to 2nd February in 2020 and included 4 parts: (1) sociodemographic data; (2)The revised version of the Impact of Event Scale(IES-R); (3) Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale(SRF-S); (4)Self control scale (SCS). Results: (1)There were significant differences between different levels of sociodemographic variables on IES-R, SRF-S and SCS; (2) 75 (18.75%) residents reported a moderate-severe psychological impact; (3)There were significant differences between the previous researches and current study;(4)the high-score group of SCS had got significantly higher scores on SRF-S and IES-R. (5) Self-regulated fatigue partially mediated the relationship between impact of event and self-control. Conclusion: We found that the residents suffered a psychological impact during the outbreak of COVID-19 .The more self-control they were, the more self-regulated fatigue and psychological impact they suffered, and self-control could not only had an direct influence on psychological impact but also had affected it indirectly through self-regulated fatigue.

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Subjective Distress and Violence During Rape: Their Effects on Long-Term Fear

Violence and Victims ◽

10.1891/0886-6708.1.1.35 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 35-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Steven A. Girelli ◽

Patricia A. Resick ◽

Susan Marhoefer-Dvorak ◽

Catherine K. Hutter

Keyword(s):

Subjective Experience ◽

Adult Women ◽

Subjective Distress ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Fear And Anxiety ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship ◽

Anxiety Subscale

A brief review of the literature on reactions to rape is presented, with special emphasis on the relationship between specific aspects of the rape and subsequent fear and anxiety. A model, which incorporates the effects of the victim’s subjective experience of the assault, is proposed to explain inconsistent findings in previous research. To test this model, 41 adult women who were between 3 and 120 months postassault were asked to report information about the assault (assault violence) and their subjective experience of it during the assault (distress). Subjects also answered questions about several measures of fear and anxiety. Each of these measures was regressed on the assault violence and subjective distress variables. Three of the analyses yielded significant predictors. These were the avoidance subscale of the Impact of Event Scale, the phobic anxiety subscale of die SCL-90-R, and die Veronen-Kilpatrick Modified Fear Survey vulnerability subscale. In all three, subjective distress was the only predictor retained in the regression model. The relevance of these findings to understanding rape-induced fear and anxiety and improving treatment provided to its victims is discussed.

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Development and Validation of Corona Virus Anxiety Scale (CVAS)

Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) ◽

10.48048/wjst.2020.9878 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (9) ◽

pp. 958-966

Author(s):

Afreen FAIZA

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Anxiety Scale ◽

Human Beings ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Development And Validation ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Background and Objectives: The advent of 2020 was eclipsed by an epidemic crisis of COVID-19. The swift spread of fatal viruses creates paralyzing apprehensions among all human beings and has produced a need to develop a sound psychometric scale to measure anxiety related to COVID-19. Methods: Items for a Corona Virus Anxiety Scale (CVAS) emerged from literature reviews, a SARS fear scale, and qualitative analysis of interviews. After successive item modifications and pilot-testing, the 17-item self-reported CVAS was administered to (N = 256) participants. A sample of (N = 45) individuals was recruited for determination of CVAS construct validity with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Results: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed 3 factors with 57.46 % variance, Fear of Infection and Death (FOIAD), Social Isolation (SI), and Loss of Control and Helplessness (LOCAH). Item-total correlation values ranged from (r = 0.46 to 0.63, p < 0.01). Overall, CVAS showed a high-value Cronbach alpha reliability (α = 0.896); alpha reliabilities for subscales also lay in acceptable ranges. The relationship between CVAS and IES-R suggests significant and positive correlation values (r = 0.477, **p < 0.01), demonstrating the construct validity of the newly-developed CVAS. Interpretation and Conclusions: CVAS is a reliable and valid self-reporting tool for screening of anxieties about COVID-19 among the general population.

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Modifikation der IES-R zur Diagnostik posttraumatischer Belastung bei Traumatisierung durch die Diagnose Krebs

Diagnostica ◽

10.1026/0012-1924/a000039 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 84-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Annette F. Bölter ◽

Julia Lange ◽

Bernd Anger ◽

Christian Geiser ◽

Heinz-Martin Süß ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Dsm Iv

Zusammenfassung. Nach DSM-IV können lebensbedrohliche Erkrankungen wie Krebs eine Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTSD) auslösen. Der Erfassung mit üblichen PTSD-Diagnoseinstrumenten wie der Impact-of-Event-Scale (IES-R) mangelt es jedoch an Validität. Methodik: Ein krebsspezifisches PTSD-Konzept wurde theoriebasiert entwickelt und über die IES-R sowie neu formulierte Items erfasst. 400 Rehabilitationspatienten mit heterogenen Tumordiagnosen und Diagnosestellung vor max. einem Jahr wurden untersucht. Faktorenanalytisch (CFA) wurde ein Screeninginstrument, der Fragebogen zur krebsspezifischen posttraumatischen Belastung (PTB-KS), entwickelt. Der Reliabilitätsanalyse folgte eine Konstruktvalidierung. Ergebnis: Die statistischen Analysen unterstützen die Modellannahmen (χ2/df = 2.28; CFI = .960; RMSEA = .057). Der PTB-KS umfasst auf vier Skalen Intrusionen und Vermeidung (IES-R), krebsspezifische Belastung sowie Fehlanpassung. Reliabilität und konvergente Validität sind zufriedenstellend, die diskriminante Validität ist nicht hinreichend gesichert. Diskussion: Das erweiterte diagnostische Modell verbessert die Erfassung von posttraumatischer Belastung bei Krebspatienten. Aus klinischer Sicht eignet es sich trotz methodischer Einschränkungen als Screeninginstrument.

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