Neonatal bilabyrinthectomy leads to changes in skeletal muscle fiber form and function

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 253-262
Author(s):  
Mary S. Shall ◽  
Desiree J. Lanzino ◽  
Susan Van Cleave ◽  
Stephen J. Goldberg

Children with hypoactive semicircular canals commonly have delayed motor development. We studied ferrets whose vestibular labyrinths were removed at postnatal day 10 (P10) to evaluate 1) development of motor behavior, 2) soleus contractile characteristics, 3) muscle fiber diameter, and 4) the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. At P30 labyrinthectomized (LAB) ferrets exhibited a significant delay in motor development. At P120, the LAB ferrets continued to have significantly more difficulty with dynamic balance than the SHAM ferrets. At P30, the muscle fibers were about the same diameter as those in the sham operated ferrets (SHAM) at the same age but significantly more developmental MHC isoforms were expressed in the LAB soleus muscle. At P120, both the LAB soleus and medial gastrocnemius expressed significantly more type IIX MHC. The P120 LAB soleus muscle was significantly weaker and the muscle fibers were significantly smaller. These results support the hypothesis that vestibular receptors are important to the development of upright posture and balance activities, and influence muscle fiber development and MHC expression in postural muscles.

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 974-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Lewis ◽  
G. C. Sieck

The influence of 90 h of acute nutritional deprivation (ND; water ad libitum only) on in vitro contractile and fatigue properties, muscle fiber type proportions, and cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the adolescent rat diaphragm was determined. Diaphragm muscle properties in the ND rats were compared with those in control rats (CTL; food and water ad libitum). Acute ND resulted in a 32% reduction in body mass, whereas the body mass of CTL rats increased by 29%. Acute ND resulted in a significant reduction in the mass of the diaphragm (costal, 36%; crural, 43%), soleus (36%), and medial gastrocnemius (45%) muscles. Isometric twitch characteristics of the diaphragm muscle (contraction and half-relaxation times) were prolonged in the ND animals. Peak twitch and maximum tetanic forces were unaffected by ND. Fatigue resistance of the diaphragm muscle was improved in ND animals. Diaphragm muscle fiber type proportions were similar in ND and CTL groups. The CSA of type I and II diaphragm muscle fibers were reduced by 22 and 40%, respectively, in ND animals compared with CTL. We conclude that, whereas an identical protocol of acute ND had no significant effects on diaphragm muscle structure and function in adult rats, adolescent animals exhibit significantly less nutritional reserve. These differences may be due to curtailment of the rapid anabolic rate in growing animals.


1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Foehring ◽  
J. B. Munson

1. This study addresses the following questions. 1) In a previous experiment, when the combined lateral gastrocnemius-soleus nerve was cross-innervated by the medial gastrocnemius (MG) nerve, was the predominance of slow muscle units in soleus muscle a result of selective routing of slow motor axons into soleus? 2) Is MG-nerve-induced conversion of soleus muscle fibers from slow to fast more complete at very long (18 mo vs. 9-11 mo) postoperative times? 3) Do MG motoneurons that cross-innervate soleus muscle recover their normal membrane electrical properties at very long postoperative times? 2. The proximal portion of approximately one-third of the MG nerve was coapted directly with the distally isolated soleus nerve. The MG muscle remained innervated by the unoperated portion of the MG nerve. At 6, 10, or 18 mos postoperative, motoneuron and/or muscle-unit properties were determined for MG motoneurons innervating MG, soleus, or neither muscle, and for axotomized soleus motoneurons. 3. In the partially denervated MG muscle, the proportions of motor units of each type were normal. This suggests that the population of MG motor axons that had been directed to the soleus nerve also contained a representative distribution of MG motoneuron types. 4. Most motor units (74%) in cross-innervated soleus (Xsoleus) were type S (based on muscle-unit contractile properties), in spite of the soleus nerve's having been cross-connected by approximately 75% fast MG motoneurons. Thus, even at very long postoperative times, slow soleus muscle units resisted conversion by fast MG motoneurons. 5. Thirty-two percent of MG motoneurons that had been cross-connected to soleus nerve elicited no measurable muscle contraction, compared with approximately 10% in previous reinnervation experiments in which the MG nerve was coapted with the MG or lateral gastrocnemius-soleus nerve. Thus MG motoneurons may be disadvantaged in their ability to innervate soleus muscle fibers. 6. It appears that at long postoperative times, those fast MG motoneurons tha had innervated large soleus muscle units had failed to convert those muscle fibers to fast types and had failed also to recover their normal motoneuron electrical properties. Conversion and recovery did occur for fast MG motoneurons that innervated small soleus muscle units and for slow MG motoneurons.


1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schiaffino ◽  
Věra Hanzlíková ◽  
Sandra Pierobon

The fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and the slow-twitch soleus muscle of the rat consist of heterogeneous fiber populations. EDL muscle fibers differ in size, mitochondrial content, myoglobin concentration, and thickness of the Z line. The sarcoplasmic reticulum, on the other hand, is richly developed in all fibers, with only small variation. Myofibrils are clearly circumscribed at both the A and I band level. The soleus muscle is composed primarily of fibers with moderate mitochondrial content and myoglobin concentration. In most fibers the sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed, with the exception of the portion of reticulum in phase with the Z line. As a consequence the myofibrillar fields are amply fused together. Contacts between sarcoplasmic reticulum and T system are discontinuous and may occur in the form of "dyads" instead of the typical triad structure. In a small proportion of soleus muscle fibers the organization and development of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is similar to that of EDL muscle fibers, with prominent fenestrated collars at the H band level. In these fibers mitochondria are larger and more abundant. The results are correlated with physiological studies on motor units in the same and in similar rat muscles. It is suggested that the variable structural pattern of rat muscle fibers is related to two distinct physiological parameters, speed of contraction and resistance to fatigue.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-242
Author(s):  
Mirjam Altenburg ◽  
Catarina Farinha ◽  
Carolina Santos ◽  
Cristiana Mercê ◽  
David Catela ◽  
...  

Introducción: Los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) se refieren a una serie de trastornos del neurodesarrollo con déficits en el control postural (CP), el desarrollo motor y la coordinación. El déficit de CP parece estar muy extendido en todo el espectro y puede limitar la adquisición de nuevas habilidades motoras con graves consecuencias en la calidad de vida. Objetivos: i) verificar si las técnicas no lineales identifican el patrón de recurrencia local en el espacio de fase de la CP en individuos con TEA, ii) comparar la CP entre individuos con TEA y neuro típico, durante una tarea de equilibrio de rotación dinámica. Métodos: seis individuos adultos del sexo masculino, tres autistas y tres neuro típico, realizaron una tarea de equilibrio dinámico, donde se recolectaron datos sobre la velocidad angular del tronco. Resultados: A pesar de la ausencia de diferencias significativas, los adultos autistas mostraron, para todos los planos de movimiento, valores medios más altos para la recurrencia, la periodicidad, la estabilidad (excepto para la línea máxima en el plano transversal), la complejidad y la intermitencia; estas diferencias se confirmaron visualmente al observar los gráficos de recurrencia. Autistas también revelaron valores medios más bajos del exponente de Lyapunov, lo que significa menos divergencia y variabilidad en comparación con los neurotípicos. Conclusiones: La estrategia de control postural de los autistas basada en mayor periodicidad, estabilidad y menor divergencia y variabilidad en el control del equilibrio puede resultar de una menor plasticidad en la capacidad de adaptación a estados momentáneos de desequilibrio postural. Esta estrategia puede estar relacionada con el comportamiento estereotipado de las personas autistas con movimientos cíclicos continuos. Sin embargo, esto no da como resultado una mayor variabilidad en el movimiento, sino una menor variabilidad. Dada la dificultad neuromotora de estos adultos autistas para producir rangos de movimiento variados, se recomienda introducir actividades de equilibrio dinámico comenzando con niveles reducidos de alteración en la estabilidad postural. Introduction: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) refers to a range of neurodevelopmental disorders with deficits in postural control (PC), motor development and coordination. The PC deficit appears to be persistent across the spectrum and can limit the acquisition of new motor skills with severe consequences in life’s’ quality. Objectives: i) to verify if the nonlinear techniques can identify the local recurrence pattern in the phase space of the PC, in individuals with ASD, ii) to compare the PC between ASD and neurotypical individuals, during a task of dynamic rotation balance. Methods: six male adult individuals, three autistic and three neurotypicals, performed a dynamic balance task, where angular velocity data was collected from the trunk. Results: Despite the inexistence of significant differences, autistic adults revealed, for all planes of movement, higher mean values of recurrence, periodicity, stability (except for the maximum line in the transversal plane), complexity and intermittence; differences that were visually confirmed by observing the recurrence graphs. Autistic participants also revealing lower mean values of Lyapunov exponent, meaning less divergency and variability than the neurotypicals. Conclusions: the autistic’s postural control strategy of a greater periodicity, stability and a lower divergence and variability, may result from less plasticity in the ability to adjust to momentary states of postural imbalance. This strategy could be linked to the autistic’s stereotypical behavior of continuously cyclical movements. However, this does not result in greater variability in movement, but less variability. Given the neuro-motor difficulty of these autistic adults in producing varied ranges of motion, it is recommended to introduce dynamic balance activities, starting with reduced levels of postural stability disturbance. Introdução: Os transtornos do espectro do autismo (TEA) referem-se a uma gama de transtornos no neuro desenvolvimento com déficits no controle postural (CP), desenvolvimento motor e coordenação. O déficit no CP parece ser generalizado em todo o espectro e pode limitar a aquisição de novas habilidades motoras com graves consequências na qualidade de vida. Objetivos: i) verificar se as técnicas não lineares identificam o padrão de recorrência local no espaço de fase do CP em indivíduos com TEA, ii) comparar o CP entre indivíduos com TEA e neuro típicos, durante uma tarefa de equilíbrio dinâmico de rotação. Métodos: seis indivíduos adultos do sexo masculino, três autistas e três neuro típicos, realizaram uma tarefa de equilíbrio dinâmico, onde foram recolhidos dados da velocidade angular do tronco. Resultados: Apesar da inexistência de diferenças significativas, os adultos autistas revelaram, para todos os planos de movimento, valores médios superiores de recorrência, periodicidade, estabilidade (exceto na linha máxima no plano transversal), complexidade e intermitência; diferenças estas confirmadas visualmente pela observação dos gráficos de recorrência. Os autistas revelaram ainda valores médios mais baixos do expoente de Lyapunov, significando menor divergência e variabilidade em comparação com os neurotípicos. Conclusões: A estratégia de controle postural dos autistas baseada em maior periodicidade, estabilidade e menor divergência e variabilidade no controle do equilíbrio pode resultar de uma menor plasticidade na capacidade de se ajustar a estados momentâneos de desequilíbrio postural. Esta estratégia pode estar ligada ao comportamento estereotipado dos autistas de realização contínua de movimentos cíclicos. No entanto, isso não resulta em maior variabilidade no movimento, mas em menor variabilidade. Dada a dificuldade neuro motora destes adultos autistas em produzir variadas amplitudes de movimento, recomenda-se a introdução de atividades de equilíbrio dinâmico começando com níveis reduzidos de distúrbio na estabilidade postural.


Author(s):  
D.J. Lim ◽  
W.C. Lane

The morphology and function of the vestibular sensory organs has been extensively studied during the last decade with the advent of electron microscopy and electrophysiology. The opening of the space age also accelerated active investigation in this area, since this organ is responsible for the sensation of balance and of linear, angular and gravitational acceleration.The vestibular sense organs are formed by the saccule, utricle and three ampullae of the semicircular canals. The maculae (sacculi and utriculi) have otolithic membranes on the top of the sensory epithelia. The otolithic membrane is formed by a layer of thick gelatin and sand-piles of calcium carbonate crystals (Fig.l).


Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).


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