Salmonellosis in Poland in 2015 and 2016

THE AIM. The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of salmonellosis in 2015-2016 in Poland, compared to the previous years. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The assessment of the epidemiological situation was performed on the basis of data from bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland”, information from the laboratories of Sanitaryepidemiological Stations and data from epidemiological investigations of outbreaks which were provided by Sanitary-epidemiological Stations through the Register of Epidemic Outbreaks (ROE) to the Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance as well as data from the Department of Demographic Studies of the Central Statistical Office. Cases were classified according to the implemented case definitions. RESULTS. In 2015, a total of 8 650 cases salmonellosis were reported. Among them 8 418 were cases of intestinal salmonellosis and 232 of extraintestinal one. Total incidence was 22.5/100 000. 8235 (95,2%) cases met the criteria for confirmed case and 415 cases were classified as probable. In comparison to 2014, the percentage of hospitalized persons increased slightly and remained at a high level of 71.8%. The increase of salmonellosis cases, as in previous years, occurred in the summer months. In 2015 he highest incidence was recorded in the Małopolskie and Mazowieckie voivodeships, and the lowest in the Lubuskie. Children 0-4 were most often affected, especially at the age of 2 and 3 years old. Number of reported foodborne outbreaks caused by Salmonella was 190. Among them 154 were caused by Salmonella Enteritidis. This serotype, as in previous years was the most frequently isolated. Out of the 433 571 tested people who were working with food, 0.2% were infected with Salmonella. In 2016, the total number of reported cases of salmonellosis was 10,027 cases, which was close to 16% increase in cases compared to the previous year and over 19% increase compared to 2014. There were registered 9,701 cases of intestinal and 326 extraintestinal infections. 9,713 cases were classified as confirmed, accounting for 96.9% of all and 314 cases were classified as probable ones. The percentage of hospitalizations in 2016 remained at a similar level as in previous years (71.1%). The peak of incidence as in the previous year was in July. The highest numbers of cases were recorded in the Małopolskie and Mazowieckie voivodeships, which accounted for 23% of all reported cases. As in previous years, most often affected were children at the age 0-4. In 2016 number of reported outbreaks of foodborne infections caused by Salmonella sp. was 240. In 85% of them S. Enteritidis serotype was isolated, which as in previous years was the serotype most frequently isolated in outbreaks and sporadic diseases. Among 443 419 people working with food who were tested for Salmonella 0,2% were positive, as in the previous year. CONCLUSIONS. The increase in the incidence of salmonellosis in 2015-2016 in Poland may be related to the outbreak detected in 2016, covering more than a dozen EU countries, associated with eggs originating in Poland. Observed in the last several years high percentage of hospitalizations due to salmonellosis is a consequence of rare laboratory testing for salmonellosis by GPs of patients with gastroenteritis. It also results in the low sensitivity of salmonella surveillance in Poland.

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Salmonellosis in Poland in 2017

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny ◽

10.32394/pe.73.44 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 463-477

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Salmonella Infection ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Foodborne Outbreaks ◽

Sporadic Cases ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

Epidemiological Situation

AIM. The aim of the study is to assess the epidemiological situation of salmonellosis in 2017 in Poland compared to the previous years. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The assessment of the epidemiological situation was performed on the basis of data submitted to the Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance NIPH-NIH by sanitaryepidemiological stations by means of the Epidemiological Case Reporting System (SRWE) and the Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks (ROE), along with data from the annual bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2017” (NIPH-NIH, CSI, Warsaw 2018), and information from the laboratories of Sanitary epidemiological Stations as well as data from the Department of Demographic Studies of the Central Statistical Office. RESULTS. In 2017, 10 000 cases of Salmonella infection were registered in Poland, 9 710 were cases of intestinal salmonellosis, 290 were forms of extraintestinal salmonellosis. The incidence rate per 100 thousand population was 26.0. The hospitalization rate for all salmonellosis cases was 63.3%. Confirmed cases accounted for 92,1% of all cases, the remaining 7.9% were probable cases. Peak incidence occurred, as in previous years, in the summer months. The voivodships with the largest number of cases caused by Salmonella were the Mazowieckie and Małopolskie voivodeships, the least was recorded in the Lubuskie voivodeship. The age group in which the highest percentage of food poisonings was recorded were children aged 0-4, while extraintestinal forms most often concerned people aged over 60. 278 food poisoning outbreaks were recorded, in which Salmonella Enteritidis was the most frequently isolated serotype. This serotype was most often isolated in foodborne outbreaks and in sporadic cases, it is responsible for 92% of all salmonellosis. Salmonella infection was found in 0.2% of people working with food and in 8.1% of contacts of the cases. According to data from the Central Statistical Office, 10 people died of salmonellosis in 2017. CONCLUSIONS. In 2017, the number of people infected with Salmonella was as high as in 2016, the reason for the persistence of such a high number of cases may be the association of some infections with an international salmonellosis outbreak, the peak of which was in 2016. The high incidence of salmonellosis may also be a consequence of legal changes introduced in 2014 regarding the reporting of positive test results by laboratories for epidemiological surveillance.

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Campylobacteriosis in Poland in 2017

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny ◽

10.32394/pe.73.41 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 437-443

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Case Reports ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

Campylobacter Species ◽

Epidemiological Situation

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study is to assess the epidemiological situation of campylobacteriosis in Poland in 2017 in comparison to previous years. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The evaluation is based on analysis of data from the annual bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland”, information from individual campylobacter case reports sent by local sanitary-epidemiological stations through the Electronic Registry of Epidemiological Forms (System Rejestracji Wywiadów Epidemiologicznych - SRWE), information on outbreaks shared through the Electronic Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks (Rejestr Ognisk Epidemicznych - ROE) and data on deaths from the Department of Demographic Studies of the Central Statistical Office. RESULTS. There were 874 registered cases in Poland in 2017, all of them were confirmed cases. Incidence for Poland was 2.27/100 000 population. The highest incidence was observed in lubuskie voivodeship (7.57/100 000), małopolskie (4.64/100 000), śląskie (4.31/100 000) and warmińsko-mazurskie (3.48/100 000). In 2017 increasing trend of proportion of hospitalization was identified again. The rate was on 80% level. Campylobacter species was identified in 89% of all reported cases. Similarly to previous years, vast majority of cases was caused by Campylobacter jejuni - 91%. Among all reported cases, majority of them (72%, 629 cases) was identified in children aged 0-4. In 2017 one campylobacteriosis outbreak was reported. CONCLUSIONS. Campylobacteriosis in Poland is still underreported and rarely diagnosed. Routine Campylobacter diagnosis is performed only by laboratories in small number of poviats which make it way harder to properly assess the campylobacteriosis epidemiological situation in Poland.

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Hepatitis C in Poland in 2017

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny ◽

10.32394/pe.73.16 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 167-178

Author(s):

Karolina Zakrzewska ◽

Małgorzata Stępień ◽

Magdalena Rosińska

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Diagnosis Rate ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

Demographic Surveys ◽

High Level ◽

Epidemiological Situation

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this article was to analyze the epidemiological situation of HCV in Poland in 2017, based on data collected as part of epidemiological surveillance. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The analysis was carried out based on: 1) individual data collected as part of epidemiological interviews with persons diagnosed with HCV infection in 2017, 2) diagnosis rate from bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland” for the years 2011-2017 and 3) data about deaths due to hepatitis C from the Demographic Surveys and Labour Market Department of the Central Statistical Office. RESULTS. In 2017, the diagnosis rate of HCV infection stayed on high level: 10.44 per 100,000 (4010 cases were reported). Stabilization of hepatitis C epidemiological situation was observed in the following issues: 1) diagnosis rate reported in men and women remained at a similar level (10.55 vs. 10.33 per 100,000); 2) diagnosis rate still showed variation depending on the voivodship (from 4.09 to 18.48 per 100,000) and the location of residence (urban/rural, 12.7 vs. 7.0 per 100,000); 3) the percentage of hospitalization accompanying the new cases of HCV infection has shown downward trend (36% in 2017); 4) the decreasing hepatitis C mortality trend was continued (175 cases of death in 2017); 5) the most common possible transmission route were still medical procedures. In 2017, the outbreak of HCV infection in the Lubelskie was registered. (8 patients, 291 exposed persons, with whom computer tomography with a contrast from multi-dose packaging was conducted, using an automatic injection device). CONCLUSIONS. Epidemiological situation of hepatitis C since 2015 is stable. The role of medical care in the transmission of HCV infections in Poland is worrying.

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Campylobacteriosis in Poland in 2015 and 2016

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny ◽

10.32394/pe.72.4.15 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 399-405

Author(s):

Franciszek Radziszewski ◽

Bożena Kucharczyk ◽

Małgorzata Sadkowska-Todys

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Case Reports ◽

Continuous Increase ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

Campylobacter Species ◽

Epidemiological Situation

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study is to assess the epidemiological situation of campylobacteriosis in Poland in 2015 and 2016 in comparison to the previous years. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The evaluation is based on analysis of data from the annual bulletins „Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland”, information from individual campylobacter case reports sent to the Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance, NIPH-NIH by regional sanitary-epidemiological stations, information on outbreaks sent by local sanitary-epidemiological stations through the system ROE (Electronic Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks) and data on deaths from the Department of Demographic Studies of the Central Statistical Office. RESULTS. In Poland in 2015 653 cases of campylobacteriosis were registered, in 2016 – 787 cases. In comparison to 2014: the number of cases in 2015 number of cases remained at he similar level, in 2016 there was 20% increase in the number of cases. The incidence was 1.7/100 000 population in 2015 and 2.05/100 000 in 2016. All cases registered in 2015 were confirmed cases, among those occurred in 2016 there were 773 confirmed cases and 14 probable cases. In both, 2015 and 2016 incidence significantly higher than the average for Poland was in 3 voivodeships: Lubuskie (5.39/100 000 in 2015 and 5.9/100 000 in 2016), Warmińsko-Mazurskie (4.78 and 4.03) and Śląskie (4.43 and 4.47). The overall proportion of hospitalizations was higher than in previous years – 75.5% in 2015 and 77.1% in 2016. In both 2015 and 2016 Campylobacter species was determined in more than 80% of cases, among them above 90% of infections were caused by C. jejuni. As in previous years most cases occurred among children aged from 0 to 4. In 2015 there were 4 outbreaks of campylobacteriosis, in 2016 – 5 outbreaks. CONCLUSIONS. In Poland there is continuous increase in number of registered campylobacteriosis cases but diagnosis and reporting is overall rare. Routine Campylobacter diagnosis is performed only in some poviats what makes assessment of epidemiological situation in a country not possible to conduct.

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Giardiasis (lambliasis) in Poland in 2017

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny ◽

10.32394/pe.73.47 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 499-509

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Reporting System ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

Definition Of ◽

Epidemiological Situation

OBJECTIVE. To assess the epidemiological situation of giardiasis in Poland in 2017. MATERIAL AND METHOD. The assessment of the epidemiological situation of giardiasis in Poland was carried out on the basis of the results of the analysis of data from the annual bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland”, information from forms on individual cases provided by PSSE employees through the Epidemiological Case Reporting System (SRWE), information on outbreaks transferred by PSSE employees through the Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks (ROE), as well as data on deaths from the Department of Demographic Studies of the Central Statistical Office. RESULTS. This is the first epidemiological report on giardiasis in Poland published in the epidemiological Chronicle. The number of new giardiasis cases registered in Poland in 2017 was 1 229 cases, incidence rate 3.2 per 100 000 population. Compared to previous years, the number of registered cases decreased. There were no deaths. Hospitalizations accounted for around 24.5% of all cases. All giardiasis cases met the criteria for the definition of a confirmed case. In 2017, there were 4 outbreaks of giardiasis. CONCLUSIONS. The long-term decline in the number of cases and incidence in Poland indicates an improvement of the epidemiological situation. In comparison with epidemiological data for EU / EEA countries, Poland does not stand out significantly in terms of the number of cases, incidence or seasonality distribution of cases.

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Yersiniosis in Poland in 2017

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny ◽

10.32394/pe.73.40 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 429-436

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

European Union ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Case Reports ◽

Population Number ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

The One ◽

Epidemiological Situation

AIM. The aim of the study is to assess epidemiological situation of yersiniosis in Poland in 2017 in comparison to previous years. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The evaluation is based on analysis of data from the annual bulletins “Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland”, information from individual yersiniosis case reports entered and shared by local sanitary-epidemiological stations through Electronic Registry of Epidemiologic Forms (SRWE), information from individual extraintestinal case reports fulfilled by local sanitary-epidemiological station and sent to the Departments of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene by regional sanitary-epidemiological stations, information on outbreaks shared through the Electronic Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks (ROE) and data on deaths from the Department of Demographic Studies of the Central Statistical Office. RESULTS. In 2017 255 cases of yersiniosis, including 191 intestinal and 64 extraintestinal were registered. Incidence in 2017 was 0.66/100 000 population. Number of cases registered in 2017 was higher than in 2015 and 2016 (for both years 205 cases with incidence 0.53/100 000 was observed) and similar to the one in 2014 (244 cases, incidence 0.63/100 000). In 2017 all intestinal yersiniosis cases met criteria for confirmed case. Around 35% of cases were registered in mazowieckie voivodship where incidence was similar to the one in European Union. Among Y. enterocolitica isolates, serotype was determined in 62 cases what stands for only 28.7% of all cases. Predominant serotype was 03, it was identified in 81% of serotyped cases. Most of intestinal yersiniosis cases occurred among children under 4 years (54.5% of all registered cases). CONCLUSIONS. In 2017 increase in number of cases was observed. Yersiniosis in Poland is rarely diagnosed, incidence in Poland is more than twice time lower than in European Union.

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Yersiniosis in Poland in 2015 and 2016

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny ◽

10.32394/pe.72.4.14 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 391-398

Author(s):

Franciszek Radziszewski ◽

Bożena Kucharczyk ◽

Małgorzata Sadkowska-Todys

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽

Case Reports ◽

Annual Incidence ◽

Probable Case ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

Epidemiological Situation

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study is to assess the epidemiological situation of yersiniosis in Poland in 2015 and 2016 in comparison to the previous years. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The evaluation is based on analysis of data from the annual bulletins „Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland” (4,5), information from individual yersiniosis case reports sent to the Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance, NIPH-NIH by regional sanitaryepidemiological stations, information on outbreaks delivered by local sanitary-epidemiological stations through the system „Rejestr Ognisk Epidemicznych” (Electronic Registry of Epidemic Outbreaks) and data on deaths from the Department of Demographic Studies of the Central Statistical Office. RESULTS. The number of registered yersiniosis cases in Poland in 2015 and 2016 was the same – 205 cases, corresponding to annual incidence of 0.53/100 000. Among them in 2015 there were 172 intestinal yersiniosis cases and 33 extraintestinal yersiniosis cases and in 2016 – 167 intestinal yersiniosis cases and 38 extraintestinal yersiniosis cases. In 2015 and 2016 all intestinal yersiniosis cases met the criteria for confirmed case. In turn, among extraintestinal yersiniosis cases in 2015 26 cases met criteria for probable case and 7 for confirmed case and in 2016 – 32 for probable and 6 for confirmed case. Both in 2015 and in 2016 the incidence in mazowieckie voivodeship (1.61/100 000 in 2015 and 1.55/100 000 in 2016) largely exceeded the average incidence in Poland. The overall proportion of hospitalizations, 59.5% in 2015 and 58% in 2016, remained at the level similar to the preceding years. Serotype of the isolated Yersinia enterocolitica in 2015 in Poland was determined in 59 cases (32% of all Y. enterocolitica isolates). In 2016 serotype was determined in 47 cases of Y. enterocolitica infections (27% of all Y. enterocolitica isolates). Predominant serotype was O3. As in the previous years about 1/3 of infections occurred among children aged 0-4 (110 cases, 34.9% in 2015 and 92 cases, 30.9% in 2016). In 2015 there were no yersiniosis outbreaks, in 2016 there was one outbreak caused by Y. enterolitica. CONCLUSIONS. Yersiniosis in Poland is rarely diagnosed and is likely underreported. The percentage of serotyped isolates continues to be low.

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A Study of Disability Across Districts of the Province of Wielkopolska Using Small Area Estimation Methods

Przegląd Statystyczny ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.0604 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 449-472

Author(s):

Tomasz Klimanek ◽

Marcin Szymkowiak ◽

Tomasz Józefowski

Keyword(s):

Small Area ◽

Small Area Estimation ◽

Estimation Methods ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Estimation Errors ◽

Area Estimation ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

Level Of Aggregation ◽

High Level

Surveys and censuses conducted by the Central Statistical Office in Poland are the main sources of information about disability for official statistics. Because sample sizes for relevant cross-classification domains are too small to employ classical estimation methods, results are usually published at a relatively high level of aggregation (at country or province level) or for very broadly defined domains. To meet the growing demand for detailed information about disability, the authors present an attempt of applying the methodology of small area estimation to estimate the percentage of disabled people, in the legal and biological sense, across districts (NUTS 4/LAU 1 units) of the province of Wielkopolska crossclassified by the level of education. This methodological exercise is based on data from the 2011 census and employs selected techniques of indirect estimation. Estimates obtained in the study provide an indication of the spatial variation of disability in the target domains with greater precision. It is worth noting that this level of aggregation has not been considered for purposes of official statistical outputs because of unacceptably high estimation errors of the direct estimator.

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Incidence and Characteristics of Cataract Surgery in Poland, during 2010 -2015

10.20944/preprints201802.0125.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Michal Nowak ◽

Iwona Grabska-Liberek ◽

Katarzyna Michalska-Malecka ◽

Andrzej Grzybowski ◽

Milena Koziol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cataract Surgery ◽

National Health ◽

National Database ◽

Rank Test ◽

Eye Surgery ◽

Combined Procedures ◽

Log Rank Test ◽

Total Incidence ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Central Statistical Office

Background: To assess the incidence and characteristic of cataract surgery in Poland from 2010 to 2015 and to interpret these findings. Patients and methods: Data from all patients who underwent cataract surgery alone or in combined procedures in Poland between January 2010 and December 2015 were evaluated. Patient data were from the national database of hospitalizations maintained by National Health Fund, data on the population of Poland were obtained from Central Statistical Office of Poland. Results: In total 1,218,777 cataract extractions (alone or combined with other procedures) were performed in 1,081,345 patients during 2010 -2015. Overall, the incidence of cataract surgery increased from 5.22/1000 person-years in year 2010 to 6.17/1000 person-years in year 2015. Phacoemulsification was performed in 97.46% of cataract extractions, and 3.02% of cataract extractions were combined procedures. The rate of one-day procedures increased from 28.3% in year 2010 to 43.1% in year 2015. The probability of second-eye surgery 12 months after the first-eye surgery increased from 44% in 2010 to 73% in 2015 (log-rank test p<0.0001). Conclusion: In Poland, from 2010 to 2015 the total incidence of cataract surgery, the number of people who underwent surgery, and the numbers of one-day and combined cataract surgeries, increased significantly.

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The Significance of Derivatives in the Management of the Value of Non-Financial Enterprises in Poland on the Age of Financialization

THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ◽

10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.61.1001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 7-12

Author(s):

Alina Rydzewska

Keyword(s):

Global Economy ◽

Value Management ◽

Short Term ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Decision Making Processes ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

Operational Activities ◽

High Level

The turn of the 21st century is a period of the growing importance of finance in the global economy. The domination of the financial sphere about the real sphere is defined as financialization. The inflation of financial instruments, derivatives, in particular, is indicated among the symptoms of financialization. Financialization about companies is associated with the growing importance of financial motives in the decision-making processes of enterprises. The enlarging pressure of financial markets and investors forces transformations in the value management process. Companies raising capital from share issues are evaluated by investors (shareholders). In turn, management is entrusted to hired managers whose evaluation depends on the current results. To meet the requirements of the owners (shareholders), they stop taking into account the long-term development of a given undertaking and focus on achieving the required rate of return in the short term. Therefore, they limit their operational activities, and in particular long-term investment activities, in favour of short-term financial activities. They use derivatives as one of the forms of short-term profit generation. Their use is characterized by a relatively high level of risk resulting from the use of leverage in their construction. It also results in potential profits (or losses) many times higher than the capital employed. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether non-financial enterprises operating in Poland use derivatives in value management. The research was based on the analysis of indicators identifying the role of derivatives in the enterprise and determining their impact on the ROE ratio as a measure of value for shareholders. For this purpose, the financial statements of non-financial enterprises published in Poland by the Central Statistical Office for the years 2010-2017 were used.

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