Legislative activity of the Icelandic bishopric in the second half of the XI - first half of the XII century.

2008 ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
I.O. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
Legislative Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legislative Activity ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
The Relationship

A number of scholars in the history of medieval Iceland have emphasized the exceptional importance of law and justice for Icelandic society. According to American researcher J. Bajok, the focus of Iceland's culture was law, and the relationship between Godi and his heirs was also based on law. The nature of Iceland's socio-political institutions reveals the circumstances in which Icelanders' attitudes towards the law were shaped. The royal power in the country during the Commonwealth period did not arise, and the system of chiefs or Godords became specifically the Icelandic institute of government. It is traditionally believed that the country was divided into 4 quarters, consisting of 36 (later 39) Godords, headed by leaders (mn. Goarar). The year 930 is considered the date of Altinga's founding. National Assembly of Iceland. Each year, a three-year lawmaker in Altinga had to promulgate a third of the country's laws. The lawmaker selected those who were to sit on the Rock of Law and designate the place where the Courts of the Quarters, which had pending lawsuits, were to be held. The most important institution of Altinga was the Legislative Council, which dealt with legal issues. The council members were 48 leaders or heads. The representatives of the highest level of the religious hierarchy - the bishops of dioceses on the Chamber Hill (Skullholt) and the Hills (Holar) - were also members of the Legislative Council. The bishops participated in three important events for the country: the drafting and adoption of the Law of Tithes in 1096/97, the codification of secular laws in 1117 - 1118, and the record of about 1123 of the Christian Law, which was included in the Gray Law Code. Goose ", probably recorded in the XIII century.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Geslani
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Indian Religion

The introduction reviews the historiographic problem of the relation between fire sacrifice (yajña) and image worship (pūjā), which have traditionally been seen as opposing ritual structures serving to undergird the distinction of “Vedic” and “Hindu.” Against such an icono- and theocentric approach, it proposes a history of the priesthood in relation to royal power, centering on the relationship between the royal chaplain (purohita) and astrologer (sāṃvatsara) as a crucial, unexplored development in early Indian religion. In order to capture these historical developments, it outlines a method for the comparative study of ritual forms over time.

scholarly journals Mnemonic Populism: The Polish Holocaust Law and its Afterlife

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornelia Kończal
Keyword(s):  
Significant Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Foundations ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

In early 2018, the Polish parliament adopted controversial legislation criminalising assertions regarding the complicity of the ‘Polish Nation’ and the ‘Polish State’ in the Holocaust. The so-called Polish Holocaust Law provoked not only a heated debate in Poland, but also serious international tensions. As a result, it was amended only five months after its adoption. The reason why it is worth taking a closer look at the socio-cultural foundations and political functions of the short-lived legislation is twofold. Empirically, the short history of the Law reveals a great deal about the long-term role of Jews in the Polish collective memory as an unmatched Significant Other. Conceptually, the short life of the Law, along with its afterlife, helps capture poll-driven, manifestly moralistic and anti-pluralist imaginings of the past, which I refer to as ‘mnemonic populism’. By exploring the relationship between popular and political images of the past in contemporary Poland, this article argues for joining memory and populism studies in order to better understand what can happen to history in illiberal surroundings.

Research Ethics Consultation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Danis
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Ethics Consultation ◽  
Research Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research Ethics Consultation

This chapter provides a history of the development of research ethics consultation (REC) and an evaluation of its role in the conduct of research with human participants. It provides a brief overview of how and where REC is currently practiced. It also reviews and engages current debates on the appropriate methods and purpose of REC. Controversies are addressed, including the relationship of REC to research review committees, competency requirements for REC, the appropriate level of confidentiality of REC recommendations, who should have access to RECs, and handling of divergence between ethics guidance and the law. Finally, it explores the question of appropriate breadth of REC.

The Popular Sources of Political Authority in 1856 San Francisco

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Waldrep
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Central Moment ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The West ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter traces the ideological formation surrounding a central moment in the history of American lynching, the San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856. The San Francisco vigilantes helped to craft highly influential arguments about the relationship between the people and the law that would be adopted by subsequent generations of lynchers in the West, Midwest, and South. The chapter follows the historical context in which the San Francisco vigilantes and their opponents articulated their respective understandings of constitutionalism. It argues that the numbers supporting the San Francisco vigilantes were a transient political majority, acting in defiance of constitutional principle, and thus it cannot be said that their lynchings were socially positive or antidemocratic.

International Law as a Political Language, 1600–1859

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-78
Author(s):  
Walter Rech
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
European Law ◽  
Political Language ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ius Gentium ◽  
The Relationship

By illustrating the history of Italian international law from the early seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century, this chapter explores the question of whether and to what extent this period may have been characterized by a genuinely Italian ‘tradition’ or approach to international legal issues. The chapter questions the notion of a monolithic Italian tradition in international law and shows that the commonality of topics and interests among Italian lawyers can best be read as part of broader trends in the European ‘law of nations’. Although they were concerned with nationally important matters such as maritime trade, the sovereignty of smaller polities and the relationship between State and church, Italian lawyers constantly defended their claims by resorting to the common European vocabulary of the ius naturae and ius gentium.

Royal Justice, Freedom, and Comital Courts in Ottonian Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
David S. Bachrach
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
History Of ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe free population of the early medieval German kingdom largely has disappeared from the historiographical tradition due to the influence of the New Constitutional History and its contemporary intellectual successors. One important result of this writing out of history of the free has been a thorough distortion of the roles and purposes of the royal government, and the relationship between the ruler and his free subjects. This essay seeks to redress this imbalance by identifying the king’s obligations to his free subjects, particularly in the areas of law and justice. The focus of the study is on the role played by counts, as royal officials, in providing a forum for the free to adjudicate their legal disputes and to obtain justice for injuries that they had sustained. A thorough investigation of the Ottonian period reveals that comital courts continued to function throughout the tenth and early eleventh century as venues for royal justice in a manner thoroughly consistent with the institutions of Carolingian East Francia.

scholarly journals The Rhetorical-Critical Analysis of the Epistle to the Galatians (II)

Diacovensia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 55.-80.
Author(s):  
Ivica Čatić ◽  
Marko Rajić
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Rhetorical Criticism ◽  
Limited Space ◽  
History Of ◽  
In Christ ◽  
The Law ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
The Relationship

This article is a continuation of the rhetorical-critical analysis of the Epistle to the Galatians started previously. The first article discussed the method of rhetorical criticism, its relationship with epistolography and the question of the partition of the rhetorical act. Then we started the analysis of the Epistle which is, due to the limited space, continued in this article with a demonstrative section (Gal 2:15 — 4:31). Here Paul argues for the correct understanding of the history of salvation, the relationship between the Law and faith, and the true identity of the faithful. Then, in the parenetic section (Gal 5:1 — 6:10), he sets the standard by which the faithful must live their newly found freedom in Christ. The Epistle ends with a hand-written conclusion in which Paul summarizes its key theological themes and controversies.

scholarly journals Duty as a defence between civil disobedience and criminal law

2021 ◽  
pp. 547-562
Author(s):  
Laura Ciccozzi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Civil Disobedience ◽  
The United States ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The history of civil disobedience begins in the United States in the 17th century and has evolved during the centuries. The most modern type of civil disobedience, whistleblowing, is emblematic of how the concept has changed over the last decades.The question of which circumstances justify disobedience to the law is one of the most debated in the history of legal thought. The article analyses the relationship between morality and criminal law or, in other words, between the right (and duty) to disobey certain laws and its consequences.

scholarly journals The Law of Nature, Mosaic Judaism, and Primitive Christianity in John Locke and the English Deists

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Lucci
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Natural Religion ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
Mosaic Law ◽  
Law Of Moses ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
The Relationship

In their attempts to revive “true religion,” Locke and several English deists, such as Toland, Tindal, Chubb, Morgan, and Annet, focused on the relationship between the Law of Nature, the Law of Moses, and Christ’s teaching. However, Locke and the deists formulated different conceptions of the Law of Nature and its relationship with natural religion, Mosaic Judaism, and primitive Christianity. Locke saw the history of human knowledge of morality and religion as a process of gradual disclosure of divinely given truths—a process culminating in Christian revelation. He argued that the Law of Faith, established by Christ, had complemented the Law of Nature and superseded the Law of Moses. Conversely, the deists maintained that the only true religion was the universal, eternal, necessary, and sufficient religion of nature founded on the Law of Nature. They thought that Jesus had merely reaffirmed the Law of Nature, accessible to natural reason, without adding anything to it. Concerning Mosaic Judaism, there were significant differences between Toland and later deists. Toland considered Mosaic Judaism to be on a par with primitive Christianity, since he viewed both the Law of Moses and Christ’s precepts as essentially grounded in the Law of Nature. Conversely, Tindal and Chubb judged the ritual prescriptions of the Mosaic Law superseded by Christ’s revival of natural religion. Morgan and Annet went even further, for they identified true Christianity with the religion of nature, but criticized Mosaic Judaism as a corruption of natural religion. Briefly, Locke and the English deists aimed to recover true religion from long-lasting distortions. However, their rethinking of the relationship between the Law of Nature, the Mosaic Law, and Christ’s message led to different conceptions, uses, and appropriations of natural religion, Mosaic Judaism, and primitive Christianity in their attempts to restore what they perceived as true religion.

Checks and Balances Revisited

2018 ◽  
pp. 84-95
Author(s):  
Mukul Rohatgi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Judicial Appointments ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law And Justice

This essay examines the role that the executive, represented by the Union Minister in-charge of Law and Justice, was expected to play on the National Judicial Appointments Commission. The author charts a history of what the Constituent Assembly envisaged the role of the executive to be and how this role eventually unfolded in the appointments process. The description of the history culminates with the observation about how the collegium system of appointments, meant to counteract executive interference in appointments, has come to be mired in controversy itself. This essay then engages with the judgment in the NJAC Case, and how the bench frowned upon the presence of the Law Minister on the NJAC. This essay contests that the Supreme Court’s apprehension that the Law Minister could cloud the views of the other members of the NJAC was based on conjectures and surmises.

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