Primary state standard of the temperature in the range from 0 to 3200 °С, GET 34-2020: practical implementation of the new definition of kelvin

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Anatolii I. Pokhodun ◽  
Viktor M. Fuksov ◽  
Iurii A. Sild ◽  
Mikhail A. Mazanov ◽  
Mikhail S. Matveyev
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Key Comparisons ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
International Temperature ◽  
The Status ◽  
High Temperature Fixed Points ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

The article considers the necessity of ways of modernization the Primary standard of the temperature GET 34-2007. Special attention is paid to the transition to a new definition of kelvin. Taking into account that the new definition of kelvin does not directly affect the status of the current international temperature scales ITS-90 and PLTS-2000, but there are significant advantages for measuring thermodynamic temperatures below 20 K and above ~1300 K, the main focus of the modernization of the GET 34-2007 in the range from 273.15 K to 1235 K was focused on improving the methods and means of implementing the International Temperature Scale ITS-90. As part of the modernization of the Primary standard in the range above 1235 K, a set of equipment has been created that allows the reproduction of kelvin in accordance with its new definition by two methods recommended by the Consultative Committee: the method of absolute primary radiometric thermometry and the method of relative primary radiometric thermometry. The basic principles of the implementation of these methods, composition and metrological characteristics of the Primary standard are described. The results of key comparisons of the developed standard in the range from 273.16 K to 692.477 K and the results of temperature measurements of a number of high-temperature fixed points and a comparison of the results with the published results of leading national metrological institutes are presented.

ACCURACY OF OPTICAL PYROMETRY IN THE RANGE 800 °C TO 4000 °C

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1397-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Lovejoy
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Secondary Standard ◽  
Optical Pyrometer ◽  
Optical Pyrometry ◽  
International Temperature Scale ◽  
International Temperature ◽  
Carbon Arc ◽  
Temperature Standard

A pair of secondary standard tungsten strip lamps have had a luminance temperature – current calibration, in the range 800 °C to 2200 °C, at a number of national laboratories. An analysis of the calibration results confirms estimates of the accuracy of optical pyrometry in the range 800 °C to 2200 °C and supports the extension of these estimates to 4000 °C. The standard deviation uncertainty of optical pyrometry is shown to be about 1 °C at 800 °C rising to 2 °C at 2200 °C and 10 °C at 4000 °C, being about double this for the calibration of commercial pyrometers unless certain described precautions are taken.The reliability of the secondary standard lamps, when used under well-defined conditions, is confirmed and it is shown that they have a standard deviation calibration uncertainty of about 1 °C for the vacuum-type lamps in the range 800 °C to 1500 °C and 2 °C for the gas-filled lamps in the range 1500 °C to 2200 °C. Most of this uncertainty is due to primary standard optical pyrometer calibration errors. Attention is drawn to the fact that a carbon arc fulfills the requirements of a secondary luminance temperature standard at about 3514 °C.Recent determinations of the gold point and the second radiation constant indicate that the 1948 International Temperature Scale is lower than the thermodynamic scale by an amount varying from 0.8 °C at 800 °C to 12 °C at 4000 °C. This is already greater than the calibration errors of optical pyrometry and, in view of the still greater accuracies presaged by photomultipliers, a revision of the International Temperature Scale is suggested.

scholarly journals Formation’s Principles of the Judiciary of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001-1009
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Hudyma
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The Political ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Supreme Council ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of

The article reveals and researches the basic principles of the formation of the judiciary in Ukraine. It is established that judicial corps should be understood as an appropriate number of civil servants who hold the relevant positions as judges in the judicial bodies of Ukraine. It has been proved that judges make universally binding decisions, which determine, for example, other processes of maintaining law and order in the state. It is determined that the legislation lacks a clear definition of the term “judiciary” and lacks the primary grounds and principles by which the process of formation of the judicial corps in Ukraine should take place. It is established that the principles of formation of the judiciary in Ukraine should be based on the requirements for candidates for the position of judges, which are defined by Article 69, “Requirements for candidates for the position of the judge” of the Law of Ukraine “On Judiciary and the Status of Judges”. It is proved that one of the components of the procedure for the formation of the judiciary in Ukraine is the qualification assessment of candidates for the position of judges. It was found out that the qualification assessment of judges by the criterion of professional competence should be based on the principle of specialization and instance. It is established that the main principles based on which the appointment of judges-candidates for the positions of members of the Supreme Council of Justice are: the principle of the rule of law; the principle of professionalism; the principle of publicity; the principle of political neutrality. It is determined that one of the critical principles of formation of the judiciary in Ukraine should be the principle of non-political influence, namely its essence is revealed in the fact that entities that will participate both directly and indirectly in the formation of the judiciary should not, in any case, have any relation to the political sphere. It is noted that the prospects for further research in this area are the study of the holistic system and features of the formation of the judiciary in Ukraine.

scholarly journals The 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons: Implementation Within the European UnionMember States and Recommendations for Harmonization

Refuge ◽  
2005 ◽  
pp. 31-58
Author(s):  
Carol Batchelor
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
European Union Member States

This article provides an assessment of the implementation of the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons as of 2003 within the fifteen European Union Member States. The study provides a brief overview of the history, object, and purpose of the 1954 Convention, analyzing the definition of statelessness and methods for practical implementation. Approaches taken by EU Member States to the identification and recognition of stateless persons on their respective territories are assessed, and recommendations aimed at furthering harmonization of approaches as between States are outlined.

The freezing point of zinc as a primary point of the International Temperature Scale

1958 ◽  
Vol 247 (1249) ◽  
pp. 214-224 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Platinum Resistance ◽  
International Temperature Scale ◽  
International Temperature ◽  
Platinum Resistance Thermometers ◽  
Resistance Thermometers ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurement ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Freezing Point Of Zinc

The technique is described of achieving the highest accuracy of measurement with platinum-resistance thermometers at the freezing point of zinc and the boiling point of sulphur. The two points are compared in a series of measurements and it is found that the zinc point is some three or four times more reproducible than the sulphur point. It is concluded that the substitution of the zinc point for the sulphur point as a primary fixed point of the International Temperature Scale would lead to a greater precision in the definition of the scale. The value of the freezing point of zinc is found to be 419∙5055 ± 0∙002°C.

scholarly journals The Community Initiative LEADER I and the implementation and results of the Hungarian Pilot LEADER programme in rural development

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csaba RuszkaiCDFMR ◽  
Tibor KovácsCDFMR
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Important Principle ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Community Initiative ◽  
Territorial Approach ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Action Groups

AbstractThe aim of this study is to present the basic methodological elements of the LEADER Community Initiative in rural development established in 1991 and its practical implementation in geography. The most important principle of the LEADER programme is the territorial approach and the appearance of local communities in a relevant subregional and landscape context. The determination and creation of a natural and cultural geographical framework is not at all an easy task, although the LEADER cautiously puts down basic principles and makes clear references to spatial definition of local action groups. The aim of LEADER I is to demonstrate the spatial segregation of these communities and to evolve a particular image and a kind of critical mass (population, resources) to build a relative self-sufficiency

scholarly journals Dissemination of thermodynamic temperature above the freezing point of silver

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2064) ◽  
pp. 20150043 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sadli ◽  
G. Machin ◽  
K. Anhalt ◽  
F. Bourson ◽  
S. Briaudeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Metrology Research ◽  
Mise En Pratique ◽  
High Temperature Fixed Points ◽  
Freezing Point Of Silver ◽  
Definition Of

The mise-en-pratique for the definition of the kelvin at high temperatures will formally allow dissemination of thermodynamic temperature either directly or mediated through high-temperature fixed points (HTFPs). In this paper, these two distinct dissemination methods are evaluated, namely source-based and detector-based. This was achieved by performing two distinct dissemination trials: one based on HTFPs, the other based on absolutely calibrated radiation thermometers or filter radiometers. These trials involved six national metrology institutes in Europe in the frame of the European Metrology Research Programme joint project ‘Implementing the new kelvin’ (InK). The results have shown that both dissemination routes are possible, with similar standard uncertainties of 1–2 K, over the range 1273–2773 K, showing that, depending on the facilities available in the laboratory , it will soon be possible to disseminate thermodynamic temperatures above 1273 K to users by either of the two methods with uncertainties comparable to the current temperature scale.

scholarly journals Experience of Developing a database of storytellers of the Yakut Epos

2021 ◽  
pp. 231-243
Author(s):  
S. D. Lvova ◽  
L. N. Gerasimova
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Research Work ◽  
National Language ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Database Development ◽  
Database Table ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The results of the analysis of the basic principles of compiling the database “Olonkhosuts of Yakutia of the 17th—20th centuries” — about the storytellers of the Yakut national epic are presented. The relevance of the research is determined by some difficulties in the systematization and design of the information content of the repository. A brief overview of the history of the study of the personalities of Yakut storytellers is given, the stages of database development are discussed in detail. It is noted that as a result of the generalization of the material a reference book that contains more than 1300 names of storytellers of the 17th-20th centuries was published by the team of the Olonkho Research Institute of M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University. Problems identified in the process of filling in the cells are described. Particular attention is paid to entering data in the national language, their transliteration and translation into Russian. The definition of the types of the second names of olonkhosuts is given, the expediency of allocating a separate field for nicknames-pseudonyms reflecting the status and popular recognition of the talent of the narrator is substantiated. A sample database table on olonkhosuts is presented. As a result of the study, the parameters for selecting data for inclusion in the repository were compiled, the need for additional research work to identify the facts of the change of residence of olonkhosuts was determined, and recommendations were proposed for improving the principles of information content of the database.

scholarly journals REVISITING THE LEGAL NATURE AND CONTENT OF A MARRIAGE CONTRACT IN THE MODERN LAW OF THE PRC

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1003-1006
Author(s):  
Naixin Naixin
Keyword(s):  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Marriage Contracts ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Marriage Contract ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of

Purpose of the study: This paper deals with problematic issues related to the legal nature of a marriage contract. It also determines the contents of a marriage contract, which is regulated mainly by Article 19 of the PRC Law "On Marriage" of 2001 and the basic principles of civil law inherent in contract law in general. Methodology: A common example is the cases when spouses agreed to transfer immovable property from one spouse to another after marriage, but in practice, the spouses did not register changes on the status of the immovable property. In the event of a divorce, one of the spouses requires to recognize the ownership of the real estate and register the changes, while the other spouse disputes that point. Results: In recent years, marriage contracts have become increasingly popular in China, but special regulations on them in China's Marriage and Family Law are still unavailable. There are a lot of disputes and issues in practice relating to the definition of a marriage contract. In this regard, the question of the legal nature and content of a marriage contract is the subject of debatable research in Chinese legal doctrine. Applications of this study: This research can be used for the universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality of this study: In this research, the model of Revisiting the legal nature and content of a marriage contract in the modern law of the PRC is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.

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