scholarly journals Dissemination of thermodynamic temperature above the freezing point of silver

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2064) ◽  
pp. 20150043 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sadli ◽  
G. Machin ◽  
K. Anhalt ◽  
F. Bourson ◽  
S. Briaudeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Metrology Research ◽  
Mise En Pratique ◽  
High Temperature Fixed Points ◽  
Freezing Point Of Silver ◽  
Definition Of

The mise-en-pratique for the definition of the kelvin at high temperatures will formally allow dissemination of thermodynamic temperature either directly or mediated through high-temperature fixed points (HTFPs). In this paper, these two distinct dissemination methods are evaluated, namely source-based and detector-based. This was achieved by performing two distinct dissemination trials: one based on HTFPs, the other based on absolutely calibrated radiation thermometers or filter radiometers. These trials involved six national metrology institutes in Europe in the frame of the European Metrology Research Programme joint project ‘Implementing the new kelvin’ (InK). The results have shown that both dissemination routes are possible, with similar standard uncertainties of 1–2 K, over the range 1273–2773 K, showing that, depending on the facilities available in the laboratory , it will soon be possible to disseminate thermodynamic temperatures above 1273 K to users by either of the two methods with uncertainties comparable to the current temperature scale.

HiTeMS: A Pan-European Project to Solve High Temperature Measurement Problems in Industry

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 315-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Machin
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
High Temperature Measurement ◽  
Metrology Research ◽  
High Temperature Fixed Points

In my previous article [1] I discussed some of the innovations that are taking place at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in improving high temperature measurement. Starting with the current defined temperature scale ITS-90 [2, 3], I introduced the concepts of high-temperature fixed points [4], new types of thermocouple for use to 1500°C [5, 6] and developments in self-validation for contact thermometry sensors [7] and showed that high temperature measurement is undergoing a quiet revolution throughout the measurement chain. Here I want to set the work at NPL in a broader context of developments in the European Union (EU), again led from NPL, through the European Metrology Research Programme project “HiTeMS: High Temperature Measurement Solutions for Industry”.

scholarly journals The kelvin redefinition and its mise en pratique

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2064) ◽  
pp. 20150037 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fellmuth ◽  
J. Fischer ◽  
G. Machin ◽  
S. Picard ◽  
P. P. M. Steur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
Fundamental Constants ◽  
Primary Thermometry ◽  
A Value ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Mise En Pratique ◽  
Explicit Constant ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Base Units

In 2018, it is expected that there will be a major revision of the International System of Units (SI) which will result in all of the seven base units being defined by fixing the values of certain atomic or fundamental constants. As part of this revision, the kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, will be redefined by assigning a value to the Boltzmann constant k . This explicit-constant definition will define the kelvin in terms of the SI derived unit of energy, the joule. It is sufficiently wide to encompass any form of thermometry. The planned redefinition has motivated the creation of an extended mise en pratique (‘practical realization’) of the definition of the kelvin ( MeP -K), which describes how the new definition can be put into practice. The MeP -K incorporates both of the defined International Temperature Scales (ITS-90 and PLTS-2000) in current use and approved primary-thermometry methods for determining thermodynamic temperature values. The MeP -K is a guide that provides or makes reference to the information needed to perform measurements of temperature in accord with the SI at the highest level. In this article, the background and the content of the extended second version of the MeP -K are presented.

The freezing point of zinc as a primary point of the International Temperature Scale

1958 ◽  
Vol 247 (1249) ◽  
pp. 214-224 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Platinum Resistance ◽  
International Temperature Scale ◽  
International Temperature ◽  
Platinum Resistance Thermometers ◽  
Resistance Thermometers ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurement ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Freezing Point Of Zinc

The technique is described of achieving the highest accuracy of measurement with platinum-resistance thermometers at the freezing point of zinc and the boiling point of sulphur. The two points are compared in a series of measurements and it is found that the zinc point is some three or four times more reproducible than the sulphur point. It is concluded that the substitution of the zinc point for the sulphur point as a primary fixed point of the International Temperature Scale would lead to a greater precision in the definition of the scale. The value of the freezing point of zinc is found to be 419∙5055 ± 0∙002°C.

scholarly journals Overview of measurements capabilities in radiation thermometry at CEM (Spain)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Martin ◽  
J. M. Mantilla ◽  
D. del Campo
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Fixed Points ◽  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Radiation Thermometry ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Primary Radiation ◽  
International Temperature Scale ◽  
Definition Of The Kelvin ◽  
Definition Of

CEM (Spanish National Institute of Metrology) is responsible for the maintenance and dissemination of the temperature national standards. Nowadays, the CEM Radiation Thermometry Laboratory disseminates and maintains the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) from the Ag fixed point (961.78 °C) to 2800 °C, using Ag or Cu fixed points as reference and standard radiation thermometers (RTs) working at a wavelength of 650 nm. CEM is also able to provide traceability to the new definition of the kelvin and to perform measurements of thermodynamic temperature from 400°C to 2800°C with different RTs (wavelengths of 650 nm, 900 nm and 1550 nm) using absolute and relative primary radiation thermometry. In addition the Radiation Thermometry laboratory performs calibration of RTs working in the usual infrared ranges (1 μm and 10 μm) from – 40°C to 1600°C.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic temperature assignment to the point of inflection of the melting curve of high-temperature fixed points

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2064) ◽  
pp. 20150044 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Woolliams ◽  
K. Anhalt ◽  
M. Ballico ◽  
P. Bloembergen ◽  
F. Bourson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fixed Points ◽  
Melting Curve ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
Melting Transition ◽  
Primary Thermometry ◽  
Temperature Fixed Points ◽  
High Temperature Fixed Points ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Good Agreement

The thermodynamic temperature of the point of inflection of the melting transition of Re-C, Pt-C and Co-C eutectics has been determined to be 2747.84 ± 0.35 K, 2011.43 ± 0.18 K and 1597.39 ± 0.13 K, respectively, and the thermodynamic temperature of the freezing transition of Cu has been determined to be 1357.80 ± 0.08 K, where the ± symbol represents 95% coverage. These results are the best consensus estimates obtained from measurements made using various spectroradiometric primary thermometry techniques by nine different national metrology institutes. The good agreement between the institutes suggests that spectroradiometric thermometry techniques are sufficiently mature (at least in those institutes) to allow the direct realization of thermodynamic temperature above 1234 K (rather than the use of a temperature scale) and that metal-carbon eutectics can be used as high-temperature fixed points for thermodynamic temperature dissemination. The results directly support the developing mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin to include direct measurement of thermodynamic temperature.

Primary state standard of the temperature in the range from 0 to 3200 °С, GET 34-2020: practical implementation of the new definition of kelvin

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Anatolii I. Pokhodun ◽  
Viktor M. Fuksov ◽  
Iurii A. Sild ◽  
Mikhail A. Mazanov ◽  
Mikhail S. Matveyev
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Key Comparisons ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
International Temperature ◽  
The Status ◽  
High Temperature Fixed Points ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

The article considers the necessity of ways of modernization the Primary standard of the temperature GET 34-2007. Special attention is paid to the transition to a new definition of kelvin. Taking into account that the new definition of kelvin does not directly affect the status of the current international temperature scales ITS-90 and PLTS-2000, but there are significant advantages for measuring thermodynamic temperatures below 20 K and above ~1300 K, the main focus of the modernization of the GET 34-2007 in the range from 273.15 K to 1235 K was focused on improving the methods and means of implementing the International Temperature Scale ITS-90. As part of the modernization of the Primary standard in the range above 1235 K, a set of equipment has been created that allows the reproduction of kelvin in accordance with its new definition by two methods recommended by the Consultative Committee: the method of absolute primary radiometric thermometry and the method of relative primary radiometric thermometry. The basic principles of the implementation of these methods, composition and metrological characteristics of the Primary standard are described. The results of key comparisons of the developed standard in the range from 273.16 K to 692.477 K and the results of temperature measurements of a number of high-temperature fixed points and a comparison of the results with the published results of leading national metrological institutes are presented.

Realization of new definition of kelvin on National primary state standard of temperature in the temperature range from 0.3 K to 273.16 K GET 35-2021

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Vladimir G. Kytin ◽  
Mamikon Yu. Ghavalyan ◽  
Aleksey A. Petukhov ◽  
Boris G. Potapov ◽  
Yakov E. Razhba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Standard ◽  
Temperature Scale ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
Primary State ◽  
Primary State Standard ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
International Temperature Scale ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Unit Of Temperature ◽  
Gas Thermometry

Description and metrological characteristics are presented of upgraded in 2021 equipment of National primary state standard of temperature on the temperature range from 0.3 K to 273.16 K GET 35-2021. GET 35-2021 allow to to the reproduce and disseminate the unit of temperature according to its definition accepted on 26th CGPM in 2018. Three installations of acoustic gas thermometry developed in 2012–2019 have been introduced in the National primary state standard covering ranges 79–273.16 K, 4.2–80 K, 268.16–273.16 K. The equipment for reproduction of fixed points of of International Temperature scale ITS-90 has been upgraded for uncertainty reduction. Uncertainty of reproduction of thermodynamic temperature and temperature according to ITS-90 have been calculated on the basis of investigations of upgraded equipment.

Bottlenecks in the Implementation of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Plants on a Large Scale in The Netherlands

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 291-298
Author(s):  
Frits A. Fastenau ◽  
Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf ◽  
Gerard Martijnse
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Definition Of

More than 95 % of the total housing stock in the Netherlands is connected to central sewerage systems and in most cases the wastewater is treated biologically. As connection to central sewerage systems has reached its economic limits, interest in on-site treatment of the domestic wastewater of the remaining premises is increasing. A large scale research programme into on-site wastewater treatment up to population equivalents of 200 persons has therefore been initiated by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment. Intensive field-research work did establish that the technological features of most on-site biological treatment systems were satisfactory. A large scale implementation of these systems is however obstructed in different extents by problems of an organisational, financial and/or juridical nature and management difficulties. At present research is carried out to identify these bottlenecks and to analyse possible solutions. Some preliminary results are given which involve the following ‘bottlenecks':-legislation: absence of co-ordination and absence of a definition of ‘surface water';-absence of subsidies;-ownership: divisions in task-setting of Municipalities and Waterboards; divisions involved with cost-sharing;-inspection; operational control and maintenance; organisation of management;-discharge permits;-pollution levy;-sludge disposal. Final decisions and practical elaboration of policies towards on-site treatment will have to be formulated in a broad discussion with all the authorities and interest groups involved.

scholarly journals Smart Skin Envelope

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Romano
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Skin Envelope ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Smart Skin

The Smart Skin Envelope research analyses the recent revolution that has taken place in the sector of planning and production of smart skin components, made up of dynamic layers. The aim is to identify the technological, functional, qualitative and performance parameters that guide the decisions of the actors in the innovation process. It explores the factors that drive them to develop solutions and proposals designed to transform the envelope of the building from a static to a dynamic element, featuring interoperable components that can interact with the input from the outdoor and indoor environments, in relation to which the smart skin acts as a system of boundary and delimitation. The proposed research programme explores in particular the sector of Smart Envelopes, setting as its priority objective the identification and definition of the energy performance, both through analysis of the state of the art and through the development of a facade component that is dynamic in terms of the adaptive variability of its performance.

Martin Folkes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Anna Marie Roos
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Disciplinary Boundaries ◽  
New Science ◽  
Definition Of

In 1750, Martin Folkes became the only individual who was President of both the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries of London, and he contributed to efforts to unite both organizations. Although he failed, illness forcing him to resign both offices, this chapter outlines the book’s analysis of the ensuing disciplinary boundaries between the two organizations in the early Georgian era in the context of Folkes’s life and letters. While it is normally assumed that natural philosophy and antiquarianism are disciplines that were fast becoming disconnected in this period, this work will reconsider these assumptions. The Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries were nearly reunited for good reason. Both societies incorporated techniques and affinities from antiquarianism—natural history and landscape—and the ‘new science’—engineering principles, measurement, and empiricism. Using Folkes’s life and letters, this biography will examine the disciplinary boundaries between the humanities and sciences in early Georgian Britain and reassess the extent to which the separation of these ‘two cultures’ developed in this era. It will also consider to what extent Folkes continued the Newtonian programme in mathematics, optics, and astronomy on the Continent. In this manner, the work will refine its definition of Newtonianism and its scope in the early eighteenth century, elucidating and reclaiming the vibrant research programme that Folkes promoted in the period of English science least well understood between the age of Francis Bacon and the present.

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