scholarly journals Integrated Pest Management in Protected Structures I: Basic Principles and Scouting

EDIS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh A. Smith ◽  
Gary E. Vallad ◽  
Bielinski M. Santos

The fundamentals of managing pests in protected structures are very similar in many respects to managing pests in field crops. But conditions within a protected structure can be modified to a certain degree to prevent, delay, or even mitigate pest issues. On the other hand, conditions that discourage one group of pests can often favor another. This 7-page fact sheet was written by Hugh A. Smith, Gary E. Vallad, and Bielinski M. Santos, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, June 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in994

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 117954331770927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuar Morales-Rodriguez ◽  
Aracely Ospina ◽  
Kevin W Wanner

The basic principles of a reliable integrated pest management program include pest identification, monitoring, and distribution. Selecting the appropriate sampling protocol to monitor wireworm for research or applied entomology depends on the objective, including simply detecting the presence or absence of wireworm, surveying the composition of wireworm assemblages, or estimating spatial and temporal population densities. In this study, the efficacy of pitfall, stocking, pot, and canister traps baited with wheat and barley mixtures was evaluated for monitoring wireworm populations in four commercial cereal fields in Montana. Pitfall and stocking traps collected greater numbers of wireworm (1625 and 1575, respectively) followed by pot-type and canister-type traps (1173 and 725, respectively). The 5098 wireworm collected from four sites included seven species: Aeolus mellillus, Agriotes sp, Dalopius sp, Hypnoidus bicolor, Limonius californicus, Limonius infuscatus, and S. aeripennis.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-45
Author(s):  
Justitia Vox Dei Hattu

This article aims to map the polarization in Indonesia between Christian Education (or: Christian Religious Education) as it takes place within the domains of church and of school. Within the ecclesial arena, Christian education (Pendidikan Kristiani/PK) is often associated with the activity of teaching children. On the other hand, within the setting of a school, PK is often associated with a course of study assigned to students—one that mostly emphasizes the filling of cognitive gaps for the students yet (intentionally) ignores the affective and psychomotor domain that is integral for instruction. By examining this polarization, I argue that the polarizing divide between PK as implemented in a school and PK as implemented in the church can be overcome by virtue of the fact that both school and church are learning spaces for PK. This article is divided into three parts. The first will demonstrate certain misunderstandings about PK in the context of school and of church that lead to polarization. The second part shows how PK is presently practiced in the context of Indonesia’s churches and schools. Based on descriptions in this second part, the final section will offer a number of basic principles, in an effort to bridge the gap between PK as it takes place in school and in church.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-691
Author(s):  
Augusto Ramírez-Godoy ◽  
María del Pilar Vera-Hoyos ◽  
Natalia Jiménez-Beltrán ◽  
Hermann Restrepo-Díaz

Asian citrus psyllid [ACP (Diaphorina citri)] is one of the most serious threats to the global citrus (Citrus sp.) culture, and management of ACP has depended primarily on the application of chemical insecticides. The expression of resistance mechanisms to herbivory is a key component in integrated pest management in crop production in which silicon (Si) applications can play an important role in plant–insect relationships. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the application of Si to tahiti lime (Citrus latifolia) plants under natural infestations of ACP. Two experiments were conducted using 15-month-old seedlings and 2-year-old trees, respectively. Treatments were 1) foliar Si sprays (potassium silicate) at a dose of 2 mL·L–1, 2) soil Si application at a dose of 1 kg commercial product per plant, 3) combined soil and foliar applications of Si at the doses just listed, and 4) untreated plants (control). The application of Si treatments to both seedlings and trees affected ACP oviposition, causing a reduction of 60%. Applications of Si did not affect the nutritional status (macronutrients and micronutrients) of plants in either test, except that the foliar concentration of Si tended to be greater in the soil and soil + foliar treatments than in the other treatment in both seedlings and trees. Based on these results, we suggest that Si can be added as a component of ACP integrated pest management programs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
P. Koohzad-Mohammadi ◽  
M. Ziaee ◽  
A. Nikpay

SummaryThe sugarcane whitefly, Neomaskellia andropogonis Corbett (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the important pests of sugarcane in Iran. The use of selective chemical insecticides helps to suppress whitefly infestations. Although several insecticides from various groups have been registered to control whiteflies, this is the first study to test the efficacy of deltamethrin, dinotefuran and spiromesifen insecticides against eggs, second instar nymphs and pupae of the sugarcane whitefly on CP69-1062 sugarcane cultivar. Five concentrations of the tested insecticides were applied in a leaf dipping bioassay under laboratory conditions. Probit analysis indicated that deltamethrin and dinotefuran with LC50 values of 50.1 and 49.5 ppm were the most toxic insecticides against eggs of N. andropogonis. Deltamethrin controlled nymphal and pupal stages more effective than the other two tested insecticides and the LC50 values were 49.7 and 5.44 ppm on nymphs and pupae, respectively. The LC50 values of dinotefuran on second instar nymphs and pupae were 564.7 and 78.7 ppm and the values were 270.9 and 18.3 ppm for spiromesifen, respectively. The results support the use of the insecticides in rotation according to their different mode of action in integrated pest management programs of the sugarcane whitefly N. andropogonis.


Author(s):  
Tzvi Langermann

This chapter focuses on part II, Chapter 24 of Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed, which discusses the incompatibility of the models used by professional astronomers with the basic tenets of the Aristotelian world-view. On the one hand, the epicycles and eccentrics employed by astronomers seem to violate the principle that the motion of the heavenly bodies be uniform, circular, and about a fixed centre. On the other hand, the results achieved through the use of these very devices are startlingly precise. This, Maimonides says, is the ‘true perplexity’. The chapter then looks at three aspects of this true perplexity. It also compares the views expressed in the Guide with the rules laid down in the third chapter of the ‘Laws Concerning the Basic Principles of the Torah’, which forms the first section of the Mishneh Torah. It is particularly concerned with two questions: did Maimonides consider the true configuration of the heavens to be inscrutable? And can a close reading of both texts offer any clues about this true configuration? Finally, the chapter considers the views of some of Maimonides’ followers on these questions.


Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 846
Author(s):  
Abdulwahab M. Hafez ◽  
David Mota-Sanchez ◽  
Christine Vandervoort ◽  
John C. Wise

Field-based residual bioassays and residue analysis were conducted to assess the field performance and toxicity longevity of different insecticides that had previously been associated with resistance of Choristoneura rosaceana populations collected from apple and cherry orchards. In this study, 12–24 h-old larvae of apple and cherry populations were exposed to apple and cherry leaf samples, respectively, at post-application intervals and a susceptible population served as a reference of each. In the apple and cherry trials, the order of residual longevity of insecticides that effectively controlled the tested populations was as follows: bifenthrin and spinetoram (apple: 14, cherry 21-day post-application), phosmet (apple: 7, cherry 14-day post-application), chlorantraniliprole (apple: 7-day post-application), and indoxacarb and emamectin benzoate (apple: 1, cherry 7-day post-application). Compared to the susceptible population, the resistant populations resulted in a measurable loss of field performance, or “practical resistance”, for the insecticides emamectin benzoate (at 7-day post-application), chlorantraniliprole (at 21-day post-application), and indoxacarb (at all post-application intervals) in the apple trials, while in cherry trial just indoxacarb at 7-day post-application showed a reduced efficacy. In terms of long-lasting residues, only chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb maintained measurable leaf residues over all post-application intervals while the leaf residues of the other compounds had largely degraded within the first 7 days. These findings can help fruit growers make adjustments to their spray/re-application intervals and optimally utilize important chemical tools in their integrated pest management programs.


2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-217
Author(s):  
Reza Ahmad Zahid

This article aims to answer how Islamic thought deals with issues of internationalization. Where in general religions agree that human rights are rights owned by each individual solely because of his dignity as a human being, not the construction of society regarding individual rights. While on the other hand, some experts state that human rights are normative elements that are inherent in human individuals because there are laws whose application differs according to space and time. Between Islam and human rights has a relationship that lies in the universality of Islamic teachings. the concept of human rights has been outlined in the basic principles of Islamic law originating from the texts of the Koran, the Sunnah of the Prophet and friends, as well as the construction of scholars' thoughts. Human rights should be understood and accepted as a universal human treasure whose normative and philosophical foundations can be traced and found in various systems of values ​and traditions. Such global ethics cannot be formulated without religious contributions.


2020 ◽  
pp. 165-199
Author(s):  
Jeferson Teodorovicz

RESUMOO presente estudo investiga a problemática da evasão tributária frente à determinação da base de cálculo do imposto sobre transmissão de bens imóveis (ITBI), de competência municipal e distrital no Brasil, a partir de revisão bibliográfica, legislativa e jurisprudencial. O método adotado no presente trabalho aproxima-se do dedutivo, sem, porém, afastar-se de pontuações indutivas – inclusive com considerações críticas ao objeto de investigação. Particularmente, o ponto central da pesquisa refere-se à análise de medidas de combate à evasão tributária adotadas pela administração tributária municipal no que tange à simulação frente ao ITBI na legislação tributária brasileira, especialmente considerando-se alternâncias legais – e infralegais - na consideração da base de cálculo do imposto. Concluiu-se que, embora as medidas legais e infralegais adotadas para combater as práticas evasivas fiscais colaborem, se respeitados certos limites, à racionalização e à eficiência da tributação, sobretudo para averiguar a efetiva manifestação de capacidade contributiva do contribuinte, de modo geral, por outro lado, tal esforço arrecadatório não deve relativizar o respeito aos princípios basilares do Direito Tributário Brasileiro, no qual o princípio da reserva da lei em matéria tributária ou princípio da tipicidade tributária se eleva no âmbito da determinação da base de cálculo do ITBI.PALAVRAS-CHAVEITBI; evasão tributária; base de cálculo; tipicidade tributária. ABSTRACTThe present study investigates the problem of tax evasion considering the determination of the calculation basis for the Transmission of Immovable Property Tax (Imposto de Transmissão de Bens Imóveis - ITBI), with municipal and district jurisdiction in Brazil, based on bibliographical, legislative and jurisprudential review. The adopted method in the present research is close to the deductive one, without, however, departing from inductive scores – including critical considerations to the object of this investigation. In particular, the focus of the research is the analysis of measures to combat tax evasion adopted by the municipal tax administration regarding the simulation of ITBI in the Brazilian tax legislation, especially examining the legal and non-legal changes in the consideration of the tax calculation basis. It was concluded that, although the legal and infralegal measures adopted to combat tax evasion collaborate, if certain limits are respected, to the rationalization and efficiency of taxation, especially to verify the effective manifestation of contributory capacity, generally, on the other hand, such a tax collection effort should not relativize respect for the basic principles of Brazilian Tax Law, in which the principle of law reservation in tax matters or principle of tax typicity is raised in the scope of determination of the calculation basis of ITBI.KEYWORDSITBI; tax evasion; calculation basis; tax typicity.


1972 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. L. Greenhalgh

The subject of this article is the appearance in archaic Greek literature of the two basic principles of aristocracy as a form of government—republicanism and noble rule—and how they were upheld, augmented, qualified, idealized, and justified against the alternatives of monarchy and the aspirations of non-nobles either to join or disestablish the nobility as the ruling class. When Greek states emerged from the Dark Ages into the clearer light of history in the eighth and seventh centuries b.c., monarchy had almost everywhere given way to aristocracy. More or less exclusive groups of noble families had learnt, in Aristotle's phrase, ‘to take turns in ruling and being ruled’. The formation of the first republics required no change in the ideological climate of the unquestioning acceptance of the noble monopoly of wealth and privilege which we find in Homer and Hesiod, and similarly no change in this climate was required before republican governments were likely to be challenged. The Homeric nobleman's primary obligation, simply expressed in Hippolochus' parting injunction to his son ‘always to be best’, runs contrary to the principle of equals taking turns in ruling and being ruled, and it would not be surprising if many a Greek aristocrat acquiesced in being equal best only because he lacked the opportunity to make himself single best. And where there were narrow aristocracies which by their exclusiveness made permanent political inferiors of noble families which were the socio-economic peers of the politically privileged, as in Corinth under the Bacchiads or Mytilene under the Penthilids, there was likely to be a greater incentive for an ambitious nobleman to usurp for his own family the corporate constitutional superiority of his privileged rivals; and there might be correspondingly less ideological opposition from noble republicans so far as other politically unprivileged nobles would be constitutionally no less deprived under a tyrant, and might have much to gain in power and wealth from supporting the overthrower of the exclusive regime. The disappearance of Dark Age kingship of the Homeric primus inter pares type is nowhere likely to have generated all at once an ideology which made monarchy an anathema. The Homeric king is not even distinguished from the other nobles by a title which is not also enjoyed by the heads of other great houses, and the lack of traditions about the disappearance of kingship suggests that it was undramatic. On the other hand, because tyranny (in the basic sense of an autocracy established in a state which had been a republic) necessarily meant permanent constitutional inferiority for social equals, acquiescence in even a benign and initially popular autocracy was likely to wane once the possibility of constitutional equality had been discovered (however narrow the ruling circle of equals had been).


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