scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBEBANAN TERHADAP NILAI RESISTANSI PENTANAHAN TRANSFORMATOR 250 KVA PADA GARDU BA 0005 PT. PLN (PERSERO) UP3 BENGKULU ULP TELUK SEGARA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Eka Putra
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Electrical Distribution Networks ◽  
Resistance Value

             A distribution transformer as an electromagnetic device that converts and transfers electrical energy to the primary and secondary electrical distribution networks, is directly related to the ever changing load center. As a result of high loading and unbalance will cause an increase in neutral induced currents, of course, to anticipate changes in load that cause neutral phase currents in distribution transformers required grounding resistance values or low grounding in the neutral phase.The resistance value or grounding resistance according to the General Electrical Installation Requirements (PUIL) 2000 and SPLN3-1978 Regarding PLN Low Voltage Network Grounding and Installation Grounding does not exceed 5 ? or a maximum of 5 ?. The calculation results obtained the value of the grounding resistance in the neutral phase and the transformer body 250 KVA BA 0005 Distribution Substation, namely 4.11 ?. From these results it is necessary to have a comparative study of the resistance value from the calculation results with the value of the direct measurement results in the neutral phase grounding system and the 250 KVA transformer body BA 0005 Distribution Substation. From the results of direct measurements between 14.00 to 15.00 WIB with 50 percent loading on The transformer has the largest value of resistance in the neutral phase of 8.1 ? and on the transformer body of 8.3 ?. Keywords: 250 KVA Transformer, Grounding Resistance, Neutral Phase, Body Transformer

scholarly journals Grounding System Cost Analysis Using Optimization Algorithms

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jau-Woei Perng ◽  
Yi-Chang Kuo ◽  
Shih-Pin Lu
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Rbf Neural Network ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Grounding Grid ◽  
Engineering Costs ◽  
System Data ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Touch Voltage ◽  
Resistance Value

In this study, the concept of grounding systems is related to the voltage tolerance of the human body (human body voltage tolerance safety value). The maximum touch voltage target and grounding resistance values are calculated in order to compute the grounding resistance on the basis of system data. Typically, the grounding resistance value is inversely proportional to the laying depth of the grounding grid and the number of grounded copper rods. In other words, to improve the performance of the grounding system, either the layering depth of the grounding grid or the number of grounded copper rods should be increased, or both of them should be simultaneously increased. Better grounding resistance values result in increased engineering costs. There are numerous solutions for the grounding target value. Grounding systems are designed to find the combination of the layering depth of the grounding grid and the number of grounded copper rods by considering both cost and performance. In this study, we used a fuzzy algorithm on the genetic algorithm (GA), multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm, Bees, IEEE Std. 80-2000, and Schwarz’s equation based on a power company’s substation grounding system data to optimize the grounding resistance performance and reduce system costs. The MOPSO algorithm returned optimal results. The radial basis function (RBF) neural network curve is obtained by the MOPSO algorithm with three variables (i.e., number of grounded copper rods, grounding resistance value, and grounding grid laying depth), and the simulation results of the electrical transient analysis program (ETAP) system are verified. This could be a future reference for substation designers and architects.

scholarly journals Impact of Network Reconfiguration: Case Study of Port-Harcourt Town 132/33kV Sub-transmission Substation and Its 33/11kV Injection Substation Distribution Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinweike Innocent Amesi ◽  
Tekena Kashmony Bala ◽  
Anthony O. Ibe
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Network Reconfiguration ◽  
Voltage Profile ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Bus Voltage

This paper examined the power flow status of the Port Harcourt Town (Zone 4) distribution networks to improve the performance. The network consists of 18 injection substations fed from 4 different sizes of transformers with a total power rating of 165 MVA, 132/33kV at the Port Harcourt Town sub-transmission substation. Gauss-seidel power flow algorithm was used to analyse the network in Electrical Transient Analyzer Program software (ETAP 12.6) to determine the various bus operating voltages, power flow, and over or under-loaded Transformers’ units. From the base-case simulation results obtained, it shows that these injection distribution transformers (PH Town 106.3%, RSU 90.5%, Marine Base 86.5%, UTC 87.9%, Nzimiro 89.5%, and Borokiri 88.7%) were overloaded on the network and the operating voltages observed for (PH Town 95.1%, RSU 83.0%, Marine Base 83.4%, UTC 82.8%, Nzimiro 85.2%, and Borokiri 82.1%) indicates low voltage profile. However, using network reconfiguration technique as proposed in this paper; there was reduction in the percentage loading of the said Transformers as it was upgraded to affect positively on its lifespan with (PH Town 44.1%, RSU 65.3%, Marine Base 60.7%, UTC 47.3%, Nzimiro 61.3%, and Borokiri 52.0%) loading,  and the bus voltage profiles was improved for (PH Town 100%, RSU 98.4%, Marine Base 98.8%, UTC 98.2%, Nzimiro 98.6%, and Borokiri 99.1%) with additional facilities. It is recommended that the power infrastructure facilities in Port Harcourt Town distribution network be immediately upgraded to reduce losses and improve the electricity supply to consumers. Also, in regard to these analyses, the sub-transmission substation requires 240 MW of power for effective power delivery.

scholarly journals A Practical Approach to Optimising Distribution Transformer Tap Settings

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4889
Author(s):  
Joshua Paoli ◽  
Bernd Brinkmann ◽  
Michael Negnevitsky
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Distribution Transformer ◽  
Average Case ◽  
Embedded Generation ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Real Distribution ◽  
Loading Case ◽  
Optimal Set

This paper proposes a method of determining the optimal tap settings for no-load distribution transformers with tap-changing capabilities that is practical to apply in real distribution networks. The risk of low voltage distribution networks violating voltage constraints is impacted by the increasing uptake of distributed energy resources and embedded generation. Some of this risk can be alleviated by suitably setting no-load transformer tap settings, however, modifying these taps requires customer outages and must be infrequent. Hence, loading over the entire year must be considered to account for seasonal variations when setting these taps optimally. These settings are determined using evolution strategy optimisation based on an average loading case. Monte Carlo simulations are used to calculate the probability that the terminal voltages on the distribution transformer secondary terminals violate the network voltage limits when the optimal set of taps for the average case is applied over a whole year. This algorithm was tested on several cases of a real distribution feeder of varying complexity, and produces a sufficiently-optimal set of taps without significant computation time.

scholarly journals Exploiting OLTC and BESS Operation Coordinated with Active Network Management in LV Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3332
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Kotsalos ◽  
Ismael Miranda ◽  
Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia ◽  
Helder Leite ◽  
Nuno Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Optimal Power Flow ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Economical Analysis ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Optimal Coordination ◽  
Battery Energy

The large number of small scale Distributed Energy Resources (DER) such as Electric Vehicles (EVs), rooftop photovoltaic installations and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), installed along distribution networks, poses several challenges related to power quality, efficiency, and reliability. Concurrently, the connection of DER may provide substantial flexibility to the operation of distribution grids and market players such as aggregators. This paper proposes an optimization framework for the energy management and scheduling of operation for Low Voltage (LV) networks assuring both admissible voltage magnitudes and minimized line congestion and voltage unbalances. The proposed tool allows the utilization and coordination of On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC) distribution transformers, BESS, and flexibilities provided by DER. The methodology is framed with a multi-objective three phase unbalanced multi-period AC Optimal Power Flow (MACOPF) solved as a nonlinear optimization problem. The performance of the resulting control scheme is validated on a LV distribution network through multiple case scenarios with high microgeneration and EV integration. The usefulness of the proposed scheme is additionally demonstrated by deriving the most efficient placement and sizing BESS solution based on yearly synthetic load and generation data-set. A techno-economical analysis is also conducted to identify optimal coordination among assets and DER for several objectives.

scholarly journals Analysis Grounding System as Building Equipment Security Udayana University Denpasar

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
I G. N. Janardana ◽  
W. Arta Wijaya ◽  
Cok Gede Indra Partha ◽  
N. Budiastra
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Diameter ◽  
Soil Resistivity ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Ground Resistance ◽  
System Type ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Installation Depth ◽  
Minimal Depth ◽  
Resistance Value

Grounding system is one of the components in building equipment security. To fulfill the operational continuity of electronic equipment in Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Denpasar, a grounding system with a ground resistance of ? 3 ohms is required to be installed. The aim of this study is to find out the characteristics of grounding system to secure the equipment in the building around the research location, with ground resistance of ? 3 ohms and it is expected to be beneficial to use as a reference in grounding system installation as well as.  According to the measurement results at the research location, it is found that the soil resistance value is equal to 0.23 ohms, where the soil resistivity (?) is 28.89 Ohm-meters. There are some results analysis obtained in ground resistance value of ? 3 Ohm. Those are 1) grounding system type 1 rod where minimal depth installation of the electrode is 14 meters with ground resistance value of 2.6751 ohms; 2) grounding system type two rod with s < L, it is obtained that each depth is 8 meters with distance of 2 meters between electrodes, where the ground resistance value is 2.4940 ohms. In the installation of two electrodes with s > L, it is gained that the depth of each electrode is 6 meters where the distance between the electrodes is 8 meters and the ground resistance value is 2.8718 ohms. By applying the plates type grounding system with 3 meters in length, 1 meter in width, and 2 meters in installation depth is gained 2.8431 ohms ground resistance value. Furthermore, by applying grid type grounding system with 2 meters in length h = 2,5 meters in depth, A = 4 meters in width and the total length of the electrode diameter 1 cm is 504 meters, it is obtained 2.0978 ohms ground resistance value.

scholarly journals STUDI SISTEM PENTANAHAN SALURAN UDARA TEGANGAN TINGGI(SUTT) PENGHANTAR 150 KV LUBUK LINGGAU - PEKALONGAN PT. PLN (PERSERO) UNIT PEMBANGKIT DAN TRAMSISI (UPT) BENGKULU

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Dian Eka Putra ◽  
Fitra Angga
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Fault Current ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Resistance Value

High-voltage 150 kV air ducts that use open wire are very likely to cause interference, both external and internal interference. And one of the most common disorders is due to lightning strikes. To optimize the distribution of electrical energy in the high voltage air duct, an earth system is installed at the foot of the tower. This study was conducted to calculate the value of foot tower resistance installed on 150 kV high voltage air line  Lubuk Linggau - Pekalongan. Here it will also be discussed to minimize the resistance in earth that exceeds the set standard. Based on measurements using earth tester obtained several towers have a resistance value exceeding the standard on Tower T.20 of 14.5 ohms, Tower T.53 of 12.43 Ohm and Tower T.151 10.33 ohms. After adding the electrode rod obtained by T.20 to 8.056 ohm, T.53 became 8.055 ohms, T.151 8.51 ohms. Of the total 150 kV high voltage  air ducts in Lubuk Linggau - Pekalongan, the grounding system is still good and capable of flowing the fault current to the ground

scholarly journals Technical-economic impact of low voltage secondary lines to pre-assembled

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Steven Ruben Briones Giler ◽  
Carlos Javier Sailema Loor ◽  
Jean Carlos Maciás Moreira ◽  
Bryan Alexander Muñoz Zambrano
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Electricity Distribution ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
Network Status ◽  
The University ◽  
Wide Operating

Distributed generation is understood as all those sources of electrical energy that are connected in the electricity distribution networks. These distribution networks have been planned with wide operating margins, which together with the characteristic that energy flows are unidirectional (from the substation to consumers) allow them to be operated passively. This means that they are not subject to constant monitoring of the network status variables (ie voltages, flows), so these networks are managed with little supervision since that is more economical. The objective of this research is to investigate the economic impact that is presented within the university for a better presetting in the low voltage lines for them, the causes and effects that can be committed when installing them have been investigated, in addition to making a bibliographic review of how in other countries and within our city Portoviejo is distributed in low voltage and its consequences or benefits.

scholarly journals Ufer Grounding System to Minimize Risk of Lightning Strike using Concrete Mixed with Bentonite and Coconut Fiber

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yul Martin ◽  
Diah Permata ◽  
Annisa Ulya ◽  
Dikpride Despa ◽  
Marwansyah Marwansyah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Coconut Fiber ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Human Safety ◽  
Resistance Value ◽  
Coated Electrodes

The increasing frequency of lightning strikes endangers human safety and life. The grounding system was introduced to face the lightning strikes. This research aimed to understand the changes of grounding resistance value using concrete mixed with bentonite and coconut fiber. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering, University of Lampung. The research was started from October 2017 to April 2018. This research used the Ufer grounding system. Concretes with (25 x 25 x 30) cm3 in volume were planted at a depth of 50 cm with copper-coated electrodes that were 16 mm in diameter. 4 concrete was produce with different component T1= concrete, 30% bentonite, T2= concrete, 30% bentonite, 1.5% coconut fiber, T3= concrete, 30% bentonite, 0.75% coconut fiber, T4= concrete + 1.5% coconut fiber. The results show that the lowest grounding resistance values were 45.896 Ω on the concrete with bentonite: cement: sand: gravel = 0.3: 0.7: 2: 4. By adding 1.5% coconut fiber, the grounding resistance value is 3.5 times smaller than the grounding resistance values of the soil (161.2 Ω). Adding bentonite and coconut fiber can decrease the grounding resistance values

scholarly journals Method to determine fact and place of commercial losses in distribution networks

Vestnik IGEU ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
I.M. Kazymov ◽  
B.S. Kompaneets
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Power Networks ◽  
Rigorous Results ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Electric Power Networks ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Electrical Distribution Networks

The improvement of methods to register the commercial losses in electrical distribution networks, and especially in low voltage networks, is one of the most important tasks for power supply providers. It is rather difficult to correctly register the fact of occurrence of such losses in the network. It is objectively impossible to analyze the state of the networks based on data obtained from various points of the specified network with the required accuracy. In this regard, at present no methods have been developed for remote detection of the fact and determination of the place of commercial losses in distribution networks, that could work in the mode of integration with automated information-measuring system of fiscal electricity metering. To solve this problem a method is to be developed that allows us to establish accurately for practical purposes the volume of commercial losses in the network and determine the place of their occurrence. During the research, methods of electric power networks modeling have been used. The assumption has been made about no flow of capacitive leakage currents to ground in the network, about full compliance of the line parameters with their calculated (nominal) values, as well as the basic laws of electrical engineering science. A unique method is proposed to determine the fact and the place of commercial losses in distribution networks. In contrast to the prototypes, it is based on the analysis of data obtained from metering devices, based on the key laws of electrical engineering and it allows us to get reliable arithmetically rigorous results without using fuzzy logic. The authors have proved theoretically and practically the effectiveness of the proposed solutions, and the possibility of their application. A calculation has been made to determine the place of commercial losses in the network using an example. The proposed method to determine the fact and place of commercial losses in distribution networks of low and medium voltage levels solves the problem of inability to effectively identify the points of occurrence of commercial losses in distribution networks. The reliability of the results obtained is confirmed by mathematical rigor of the method and algorithmic nature of the procedure for analyzing the distribution network.

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